'Energy Science 101'
Pollution Science 101
By Michael J. Ross
Http://MonsantoInvestigation.com
Published: August 23rd, 2016
Last Update: August 18th, 2025 4:30 PM
Under Construction
Chapter 1: Tesla
Chapter 2: CERN
Chapter 3: Antimatter
Chapter 4: Plasma energy
Chapter 5: Fusion
Chapter 6: Dark Energy
Chapter 7: Batteries & energy storage
Chapter 8: Magnetic energy
Chapter 9: Piezoelectric & mechanical energy
Chapter 10: Lazers
---------------------
Current news
Would it be possible to use clean uranium, and clean coal for power. It just seems that whenever we try to use depleted uranium, that when we mine and oxidize the uranium, it makes it more toxic to us. This is why I still think we need more research. Some question we could trap the uranium reactors, miles under the Earth. Some say that we now
Demand for clean energy inspires new generation to innovate nuclear power
January 4, 2017
MILES O’BRIEN: Physicist Edwin Lyman is with the
Union of Concerned Scientists. He says the promise of this new
generation of nukes should be tempered by the uncertainties.
EDWIN LYMAN: Some non-water-cooled systems have a
lower risk of certain types of accident, but they have greater risks of
other kinds of accidents, or they introduce other security or safety
issues, so there’s really no free lunch here.
MILES O’BRIEN: But the private sector is apparently
not dissuaded. A D.C.-based think tank, Third Way, found more than 40
startups across the U.S. developing advanced nuclear power designs.
These atomic business plans have lured more than a billion dollars in investment.
LESLIE DEWAN, Transatomic Power: I think a lot of it
might just be the changing demographics of nuclear engineers, that now
there are a large number of young nuclear engineers who think, I have a
really good idea. I’m going to raise some funding. I’m going to see if I
can do this on my own.
How much do you have to worry about free fluorine?
MILES O’BRIEN: Leslie Dewan is one of the young
entrepreneurs leading this revolution. She became enamored with some
nuclear technology first developed 50 years ago at the Oak Ridge
National Laboratory. It’s called a molten salt reactor, not table salt,
liquid fluoride salts.
LESLIE DEWAN: A molten salt reactor uses liquid fuel, rather than solid fuel.
MILES O’BRIEN: Having uranium dissolved in liquid
offers some safety advantages. If the fuel gets too hot, the liquid
expands, and the uranium atoms become too dispersed to maintain a
nuclear chain reaction. It shuts itself down.
And in the case of a station blackout, like Fukushima, the liquid
fuel drains into a larger tank, where it cools down passively, no
electricity needed. At Oak Ridge, they successfully ran and tested a
molten salt reactor for four years, and it worked.
But building a reactor that can withstand something as corrosive as a
very hot bath of salt is a huge engineering challenge. At Oak Ridge,
the funding ended before they could work on that. So, the corrosion
problem is the focus of early testing for Leslie Dewan’s startup
company, Transatomic.
LESLIE DEWAN: We can make something that works for
five years, that works for 10 years. Like, that, we certainly know. What
we are trying to figure out now is whether we can use newer materials
or new methods of corrosion control to extend the lifetime of the
facility, because, ultimately, we care about making this low-cost.
If you have to replace your key components every 10 years, it’s not
going to be cheaper than coal. And if it’s not cheaper than coal, then
it’s not worth doing.
MILES O’BRIEN: Without a tax, or a cap, on carbon
emissions, matching the cost of fossil fuels will likely be an
impossible order for these new nuclear designs.
EDWIN LYMAN: We don’t put a lot of stock in seeing
an alternative to a water-cooled reactor being developed anytime soon,
certainly not quickly enough to make a dent in the greenhouse gas
problem.
MILES O’BRIEN: But, in Idaho, they are pressing
forward with urgency. In the U.S., there are currently about 100 nuclear
reactors in operation. The majority of them are slated for retirement
in the 2030s. What will replace them? Wind and solar? Not without a
breakthrough in battery technology to store power on the grid.
NATHAN MYHRVOLD: The fate of the whole planet
depends on us renewing our energy system with renewables and with
nuclear. And if we step back from that, we are going to create a
tremendous problem for future generations.
MILES O’BRIEN: Worries about waste, weapons
proliferation and safety nearly derailed nuclear energy in the past. But
the quest to meet rising demand for energy, without wrecking the
planet, has put new nuclear technology back on the agenda.
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/demand-clean-energy-inspires-new-generation-innovate-nuclear-power/
------------------------
Improving the selective extraction of spent uranium in nuclear waste clean-up
June 16, 2015
Driven
by the need to find ways of separating, recycling and reducing nuclear
waste, chemists at The University of Nottingham are developing our
understanding of how uranium interacts with elements from around the
periodic table to potentially help improve the selective extraction of
spent uranium in nuclear waste clean-up.
http://phys.org/news/2015-06-spent-uranium-nuclear-clean-up.html#jCp
----------
Recycling nuclear waste via advanced reactor design
May 28th, 2015
An
advanced nuclear reactor under development by Hitachi could help solve
the nuclear waste problem, and University of Michigan researchers were
involved in verifying its safe performance through computer simulations.
The
U-M team worked with colleagues at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology and the University of California, Berkeley. After more safety
analysis, Hitachi plans to move forward with a prototype of the
"resource-renewable boiling water reactor" in the next few years.
One
of the major technological hurdles for nuclear energy is developing
systems to dispose of the waste produced by typical reactors. It must be
sealed away for hundreds of millennia while the radioactivity naturally
decreases.
Hitachi's new design would burn off the
longest-lived radioactive materials, called transuranics, shortening
that isolation period to a few centuries. This would recycle the nuclear
waste to produce yet more energy and reduce the amount that must be
stowed away.
http://phys.org/news/2015-05-recycling-nuclear-advanced-reactor.html
--------
Producing nuclear fusion fuel is banned in the US for being too toxic: Researchers find an alternative
March 20, 2025
Lithium-6
is essential for producing nuclear fusion fuel, but isolating it from
the much more common isotope, lithium-7, usually requires liquid
mercury, which is extremely toxic. Now, researchers have developed a
mercury-free method to isolate lithium-6 that is as effective as the
conventional method. The new method is presented in the journal Chem.
"This
is a step towards addressing a major roadblock to nuclear energy," says
chemist and senior author Sarbajit Banerjee of ETH Zürich and Texas
A&M University. "Lithium-6 is a critical material for the
renaissance of nuclear energy, and this method could represent a viable
approach to isotope separation."
The conventional method used to
isolate lithium-6, called the COLEX process, involves liquid mercury and
has been banned in the United States since 1963 due to pollution
concerns.
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-03-nuclear-fusion-fuel-toxic-alternative.html
-
Nuclear fusion fuel without toxic mercury
April 10, 2025
Electrochemical process isolates lithium-6, critical for scaling fusion energy
https://cen.acs.org/energy/nuclear-power/Nuclear-fusion-fuel-without-toxic/103/web/2025/03
--
Encouraging minerals to capture troubling radionuclides
May 08, 2015
-------------------
Graphene, the finest filter
January 5, 2016
http://phys.org/news/2016-01-graphene-finest-filter.html#nRlv
Graphene can simplify production of heavy water and help clean nuclear waste by filtering different isotopes of hydrogen, University of Manchester research indicates.
Writing in Science, a team led by Sir Andre Geim demonstrated that using membranes made from graphene can act as a sieve, separating protons – nuclei of hydrogen – from heavier nuclei of hydrogen isotope deuterium.
The process could mean producing heavy water for nuclear power plants could be ten times less energy intensive, simpler and cheaper using graphene.
One of the hydrogen isotopes, deuterium, is widely used in analytical and chemical tracing technologies and, also, as heavy water required in thousands of tons for operation of nuclear power stations.
The heaviest isotope, tritium, is radioactive and needs to be safely removed as a byproduct of electricity generation at nuclear fission plants. Future nuclear technology is based on fusion of the two heavy isotopes.
The current separation technologies for production of heavy water are extremely energy intensive, and have presented a major scientific and industrial problem. Now graphene promises do so efficiently.
Researchers tested whether deuterons – nuclei of deuterium – can pass through graphene and its sister material boron nitride. They fully expected deuterons to easily pass through, as existing theory did not predict any difference in permeation for both isotopes.
The researchers were surprised to find that deuterons were not only effectively sieved out by their one atom thick membranes, but were sieved with a high separation efficiency.
The discovery makes monolayers of graphene and boron nitride attractive as separation membranes to enrich mixtures of deuterium and tritium.
Furthermore, the researchers showed that the separation is fully scalable. Using chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) graphene, they built centimetre-sized devices to effectively pump out hydrogen from a mixture of deuterium and hydrogen.
Dr Marcelo Lozada-Hidalgo, University of Manchester postdoctoral researcher and first author of the paper, said: "This is really the first membrane shown to distinguish between subatomic particles, all at room temperature.
"Now that we showed that it is a fully scalable technology, we hope it will quickly find its way to real applications."
Professor Irina Grigorieva, who co-authored the research, said: "We were stunned to see that a membrane can be used to separate subatomic particles.
"It is a really simple set up. We hope to see applications of these filters not only in analytical and chemical tracing technologies but also in helping to clean nuclear waste from radioactive tritium."
----------------
Many have even mentioned about using genetically modified archaea (bacteria), that could eat and digest uranium, including other toxic waste. The bacteria could turn the toxic waste, into a different chemical structure, that may not be as toxic, or could biodegrade properly. However, some question if this type of bacteria, could pose a threat to the environment.
------------------------------------
For uranium cleanup ... bacteria?
May 19, 2006
http://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/may24/criddle-052406.html
Bacteria are back
Bioremediation was used in the 1980s to clean
up toxic organics, mainly spills of fuels and solvents. Bacteria
basically ate the fuels—chomping down long-chain hydrocarbons—or they
"breathed" the solvents and created nontoxic forms.
"Microorganisms also 'breathe' metals like uranium, converting it
into a form that is immobile because it does not appreciably dissolve in
water," said Nyman, a doctoral student whose laboratory studies helped
to guide operations in the field. After microbes convert the uranium,
it's "just sitting there, like a rock," Criddle said. "In future
studies, we hope to see how stable we can make that 'rock.' Ideally, it
will remain in that form for thousands of years."
---------------------------------
Scientists develop material to remove radioactive contaminants from drinking water
April 13, 2011
A combination of forest byproducts and crustacean shells may be the key to removing radioactive materials from drinking water, researchers from North Carolina State University have found."As we're currently seeing in Japan, one of the major health risks posed by nuclear accidents is radioactive iodide that dissolves into drinking water. Because it is chemically identical to non-radioactive iodide, the human body cannot distinguish it – which is what allows it to accumulate in the thyroid and eventually lead to cancer," says Dr. Joel Pawlak, associate professor of forest biomaterials. "The material that we've developed binds iodide in water and traps it, which can then be properly disposed of without risk to humans or the environment."
http://phys.org/news/2011-04-scientists-material-radioactive-contaminants.html#nRlv
---------------------------
Technique could set new course for extracting uranium from seawater
December 17, 2015
An ultra-high-resolution technique used for the first time to study polymer fibers that trap uranium in seawater may cause researchers to rethink the best methods to harvest this potential fuel for nuclear reactors.http://phys.org/news/2015-12-technique-uranium-seawater.html
-------------------------
Some people think that this technology could be useful, to cleanup excess uranium, from ocean water. Many people still believe, that there are still better sources of energy, than using uranium for energy.
--------------
We even have the medical technology, to treat radiation sickness. This technology could also become beneficial for cancer patients.
-----------
FDA ticks off first drug to treat radiation sickness after nuclear disasters
May 25, 2015
http://www.gizmag.com/fda-drug-radiation-nuclear/37671/
----------------------
Metal foams could provide lightweight radiation shielding
- July 22, 2015
Radiation generally comes under the heading of "things you want to stay away from," so it's no surprise that radiation shielding is a high priority in many industries. However, current shielding is bulky and heavy, so a North Carolina State University team is developing a new lightweight shielding based on foam metals that can block X-rays, gamma rays, and neutron radiation, as well as withstanding high-energy impact collisions.
http://www.gizmag.com/metal-foam-lightweight-radiation-shielding/38515/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
--------------
Researchers awarded patent for tokamak device, would turn nuclear waste into fuel
September 13, 2012
University of Texas at Austin physicists have been awarded a U.S. patent for an invention that could someday be used to turn nuclear waste into fuel, thus removing the most dangerous forms of waste from the fuel cycle.
The researchers—Mike Kotschenreuther, Prashant Valanju and Swadesh Mahajan of the College of Natural Sciences—have patented the concept for a novel fusion-fission hybrid nuclear reactor that would use nuclear fusion and fission together to incinerate nuclear waste. Fusion produces energy by fusing atomic nuclei, and fission produces energy by splitting atomic nuclei.
The process of burning the waste would also produce energy. The researchers' goal is to eliminate 99 percent of the most toxic transuranic waste from nuclear fission reactors.
"The potential for this kind of technology is enormous," said Mahajan, professor of physics. "Now that we have the patent, we hope this will open up opportunities to engage with the research and development community to further this potentially world-changing technology."
The researchers' patent covers a tokamak device, which uses magnetic fields to produce fusion reactions. The patented tokamak is surrounded by an area that would house a nuclear waste fuel source and waste by-products of the nuclear fuel cycle. The device is driven by a transformational technology called the Super X Divertor.
The Super X Divertor is a crucial technology that has the capacity to safely divert the enormous amounts of heat out of the reactor core to keep the reactor producing energy.
Toxic nuclear waste is stored at sites around the U.S., and the need to store nuclear waste is widely considered to be a major disadvantage associated with nuclear energy.
The physicists' invention could someday drastically decrease the need for any additional or expanded geological repositories, making nuclear power cleaner and more viable.
The patented hybrid reactor is currently in a conceptual phase.
The Super X Divertor, however, is being installed as the centerpiece of a $40 million upgrade of the MAST tokamak in the United Kingdom. This installation is a critical step forward in testing the Super X Divertor experimentally. It is not covered by the U.S. patent but is the technology invented by the University of Texas at Austin physicists.
http://phys.org/news/2012-09-awarded-patent-tokamak-device-nuclear.html#nRlv
---------------------
Fuel comparison
With a complete combustion or fission, approx. 8 kWh of heat can be generated from 1 kg of coal, approx. 12 kWh from 1 kg of mineral oil and around 24,000,000 kWh from 1 kg of uranium-235. Related to one kilogram, uranium-235 contains two to three million times the energy equivalent of oil or coal. The illustration shows how much coal, oil or natural uranium is required for a certain quantity of electricity. Thus, 1 kg natural uranium - following a corresponding enrichment and used for power generation in light water reactors - corresponds to nearly 10,000 kg of mineral oil or 14,000 kg of coal and enables the generation of 45,000 kWh of electricity.
https://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/f/fuelcomparison.htm
-------
Honestly, we need more studies on the subjects of clean uranium energy, inducing clean coal. There are mixed articles, on both of these subjects. However, some question if trapping excess carbon, is still the best way to produce energy. We still believe that many other sources of energy are being suppressed. Such as hydrogen energy, energy from Nikola Tesla, and fusion technology.
------
Renewables Aren’t Enough. Clean Coal Is the Future
https://www.wired.com/2014/03/clean-coal/
-----------
Some articles are for clean coal. Other articles are against clean coal.
-----
The Myth of Clean Coal: Analysis
Jul 14, 2011
Will coal become the clean, green fuel of the future? Not so fast.
------
Can Coal Ever Be Clean?
April 2014
It’s the dirtiest of fossil fuels. We burn eight billion tons
of it a year, with growing consequences.
The world must face the question.
American Electric Power’s Mountaineer Plant, on the Ohio River in New Haven, West Virginia, inhales a million pounds of Appalachian coal every hour. The coal arrives fresh from the ground, on barges or on a conveyor belt from a mine across the road. Once inside the plant, the golf-ball-size lumps are ground into dust as fine as face powder, then blown into the firebox of one of the largest boilers in the world—a steel box that could easily swallow the Statue of Liberty. The plant’s three steam-powered turbines, painted blue with white stars, supply electricity round the clock to 1.3 million customers in seven states. Those customers pay about a dime per kilowatt-hour, or roughly $113 a month, to power the refrigerators, washers, dryers, flat screens, and smartphones, to say nothing of the lights, of an average household. And as Charlie Powell, Mountaineer’s plant manager, often said, even environmentalists like to keep the lights on.
The customers pay not a cent, however, nor does American Electric Power (AEP), for the privilege of spewing six to seven million metric tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year from Mountaineer’s thousand-foot-high stack. And that’s the problem. Carbon is dumped without limit because in most places it costs nothing to do so and because there is, as yet, no law against it in the U.S. But in 2009 it looked as if there might soon be a law; the House of Representatives had already passed a bill that summer. AEP, to its credit, decided to get ahead of it.
That October, Mountaineer began a pioneering experiment in carbon capture. Powell oversaw it. His father had worked for three decades at a coal-fired power plant in Virginia; Powell himself had spent his career at Mountaineer. The job was simple, he said: “We burn coal, make steam, and run turbines.” During the experiment, though, it got a bit more complicated. AEP attached a chemical plant to the back of its power plant. It chilled about 1.5 percent of Mountaineer’s smoke and diverted it through a solution of ammonium carbonate, which absorbed the CO₂. The CO₂ was then drastically compressed and injected into a porous sandstone formation more than a mile below the banks of the Ohio.
The system worked. Over the next two years AEP captured and stored more than 37,000 metric tons of pure carbon dioxide. The CO₂ is still underground, not in the atmosphere. It was only a quarter of one percent of the gas coming out the stack, but that was supposed to be just the beginning. AEP planned to scale up the project to capture a quarter of the plant’s emissions, or 1.5 million tons of CO₂ a year. The company had agreed to invest $334 million, and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) had agreed to match that. But the deal depended on AEP being able to recoup its investment. And after climate change legislation collapsed in the Senate, state utility regulators told the company that it could not charge its customers for a technology not yet required by law.
In the spring of 2011 AEP ended the project. The maze of pipes and pumps and tanks was dismantled. Though small, the Mountaineer system had been the world’s first to capture and store carbon dioxide directly from a coal-fired electric plant, and it had attracted hundreds of curious visitors from around the world, including China and India. “The process did work, and we educated a lot of people,” said Powell. “But geez-oh-whiz—it’s going to take another breakthrough to make it worth our while.” A regulatory breakthrough above all—such as the one Obama promised last summer—but technical ones would help too.
Capturing carbon dioxide and storing or “sequestering” it underground in porous rock formations sounds to its critics like a techno-fix fantasy. But DOE has spent some $6.5 billion over the past three decades researching and testing the technology. And for more than four decades the oil industry has been injecting compressed carbon dioxide into depleted oil fields, using it to coax trapped oil to the surface. On the Canadian Great Plains this practice has been turned into one of the world’s largest underground carbon-storage operations.
Since 2000 more than 20 million metric tons of carbon dioxide have been captured from a North Dakota plant that turns coal into synthetic natural gas, then piped 200 miles north into Saskatchewan. There the Canadian petroleum company Cenovus Energy pushes the CO₂ deep into the Weyburn and Midale fields, a sprawling oil patch that had its heyday in the 1960s. Two to three barrels of oil are dissolved out of the reservoir rock by each ton of CO₂, which is then reinjected into the reservoir for storage. There it sits, nearly a mile underground, trapped under impermeable layers of shale and salt.
For how long? Some natural deposits of carbon dioxide have been in place for millions of years—in fact the CO₂ in some has been mined and sold to oil companies. But large and sudden releases of CO₂ can be lethal to people and animals, particularly when the gas collects and concentrates in a confined space. So far no major leaks have been documented at Weyburn, which is being monitored by the International Energy Agency, or at any of the handful of other large storage sites around the world. Scientists consider the risk of a catastrophic leak to be extremely low.
They worry more about smaller, chronic leaks that would defeat the purpose of the enterprise. Geophysicists Mark Zoback and Steven Gorelick of Stanford University argue that at sites where the rock is brittle and faulted—most sites, in their view—the injection of carbon dioxide might trigger small earthquakes that, even if otherwise harmless, might crack the overlying shale and allow CO₂ to leak. Zoback and Gorelick consider carbon storage “an extremely expensive and risky strategy.” But even they agree that carbon can be stored effectively at some sites—such as the Sleipner gas field in the North Sea, where for the past 17 years the Norwegian oil company Statoil has been injecting about a million tons of CO₂ a year into a brine-saturated sandstone layer half a mile below the seabed. That formation has so much room that all that CO₂ hasn’t increased its internal pressure, and there’s been no sign of quakes or leaks.
American Electric Power’s Mountaineer Plant, on the Ohio River in New Haven, West Virginia, inhales a million pounds of Appalachian coal every hour. The coal arrives fresh from the ground, on barges or on a conveyor belt from a mine across the road. Once inside the plant, the golf-ball-size lumps are ground into dust as fine as face powder, then blown into the firebox of one of the largest boilers in the world—a steel box that could easily swallow the Statue of Liberty. The plant’s three steam-powered turbines, painted blue with white stars, supply electricity round the clock to 1.3 million customers in seven states. Those customers pay about a dime per kilowatt-hour, or roughly $113 a month, to power the refrigerators, washers, dryers, flat screens, and smartphones, to say nothing of the lights, of an average household. And as Charlie Powell, Mountaineer’s plant manager, often said, even environmentalists like to keep the lights on.
The customers pay not a cent, however, nor does American Electric Power (AEP), for the privilege of spewing six to seven million metric tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year from Mountaineer’s thousand-foot-high stack. And that’s the problem. Carbon is dumped without limit because in most places it costs nothing to do so and because there is, as yet, no law against it in the U.S. But in 2009 it looked as if there might soon be a law; the House of Representatives had already passed a bill that summer. AEP, to its credit, decided to get ahead of it.
That October, Mountaineer began a pioneering experiment in carbon capture. Powell oversaw it. His father had worked for three decades at a coal-fired power plant in Virginia; Powell himself had spent his career at Mountaineer. The job was simple, he said: “We burn coal, make steam, and run turbines.” During the experiment, though, it got a bit more complicated. AEP attached a chemical plant to the back of its power plant. It chilled about 1.5 percent of Mountaineer’s smoke and diverted it through a solution of ammonium carbonate, which absorbed the CO₂. The CO₂ was then drastically compressed and injected into a porous sandstone formation more than a mile below the banks of the Ohio.
----
America’s first ‘clean coal’ plant is now operational — and another is on the way
January 10th, 2017https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/01/10/americas-first-clean-coal-plant-is-now-operational-and-another-is-on-the-way/?utm_term=.c6e92a69f19f
-------
----------------
----------------
Chapter 1: Tesla
----------------
----------------
---------------------
We need a clean source of energy. Many claim we already can generate energy out of hydrogen, air, water, magnetism, including cold fusion and friction.
We should limit our use of uranium and fossil fuel, for energy. The people need to have an equal say, in how the energy policies of the world are decided. For too long, we have allowed the same political groups, such as different governments of the world, that have continued to allow companies to pollute and harm the planet, just for a profit. This happens, when many people do not agree with how different governments, including different political groups, continue to threaten our natural way of life, on this planet.
Many people think that the inventions of Nikola Tesla, could harness an abundance of energy for the people of this planet.
--------------------------
U.S. Army develops Tesla-style lightning bolt to destroy enemy vehicles
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2165966/U-S-Army-develops-Tesla-style-lightning-bolt-destroy-enemy-vehicles-adds-Sci-fi-fans-youre-welcome.html
------------
Tesla coil
A Tesla coil is an electrical resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla around 1891. It is used to produce high-voltage, low-current, high frequency alternating-current electricity. Tesla experimented with a number of different configurations consisting of two, or sometimes three, coupled resonant electric circuits.
Tesla used these coils to conduct innovative experiments in electrical lighting, phosphorescence, X-ray generation, high frequency alternating current phenomena, electrotherapy, and the transmission of electrical energy without wires. Tesla coil circuits were used commercially in sparkgap radio transmitters for wireless telegraphy until the 1920s, and in medical equipment such as electrotherapy and violet ray devices. Today their main use is for entertainment and educational displays, although small coils are still used today as leak detectors for high vacuum systems.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla_coil
-------------
Teleforce
Teleforce is a charged particle beam projector that Nikola Tesla claimed to have conceived of after studying the Van de Graaff generator. Tesla described the weapon as being able to be used against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleforce
------------------
NIKOLA TESLA - THE MASTER OF LIGHTNING - Discovery History Science (documentary)
May 4, 2014
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mb5LMWpL3io
--------------------
Scalar Waves: Nicola Tesla's Forgotten Discovery Of A Source Of Clean, Cost Free Energy
Scalar wavelengths are finer than gamma rays or X rays and only one hundred millionth of a square centimeter in width. They belong to the subtle gravitational field and are also known as gravitic waves. Uniquely, they flow in multiple directions at right angles off electromagnetic waves, as an untapped energy source called 'potentials'. Potentials are particles which are unorganized in hyperspace - pure etheric energy not manifest in the physical world. In comparison, electromagnetic waves (measured by so many hertz or pulses per second, with which we are familiar with as radio other waves in the electro-magnetic spectrum) exist normally in the physical world, but can only be measured up to levels determined by the sensitivity of the equipment being used as to how many cycles per second they operate.
http://www.greenteethmm.com/science-scalar-waves.shtml
-------------------
How the Physics of Electromagnetism can Generate Electricity
http://syzygyastro.hubpages.com/hub/How-the-Physics-of-Electromagnetism-can-Generate-Electricity
----------------------
From negative energy, we can create positive energy.
---------------------
Getting a charge from changes in humidity
Jan 27, 2014
New type of generator built with bacterial spores could one day provide a steady source of green electricity
BOSTON — A new type of electrical generator uses bacterial spores to harness the untapped power of evaporating water, according to research conducted at the Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University. Its developers foresee electrical generators driven by changes in humidity from sun-warmed ponds and harbors.
The prototype generators work by harnessing the movement of a sheet of rubber coated on one side with spores. The sheet bends when it dries out, much as a pine cone opens as it dries or a freshly fallen leaf curls, and then straightens when humidity rises. Such bending back and forth means that spore-coated sheets or tiny planks can act as actuators that drive movement, and that movement can be harvested to generate electricity.
http://wyss.harvard.edu/viewpressrelease/137/getting-a-charge-from-changes-in-humidity
---------------------
A new clean nuclear fusion reactor has been designed
January 14, 2013
A researcher at the Universidad politécnica de Madrid (UPM, Spain) has patented a nuclear fusion reactor by inertial confinement that, apart from be used to generate electric power in plants, can be applied to propel ships.
This invention is the result of a work carried out by the Professor José Luis González Díez from the Higher Technical School of Naval Engineering of the UPM, who has contributed to solve the problem of contamination risk associated with the generation of nuclear fission power. It is a design of a fusion nuclear reactor by laser ignition of 1000 MWe that uses as fuel hydrogen isotopes that can be extracted from water allowing us a significant saving in fuel.
The nuclear fission is generally considered as a dangerous energy due to its contaminant risks of radioactive waste resulting from the electricity generation process. The past events occurred in Japan after the tsunami of 2011 increased the risk perception of this type of energy generation what has provoked that research on alternative ways to obtain energy have gained more importance than ever.
For years, nuclear fusion was studied as an alternative to nuclear fission because of its remarkable advantages for security and financial issues. However, today, there is not working any fusion reactor to produce continuous electrical energy of high voltage.
--------------
Electrostatic nuclear accelerator
An electrostatic nuclear accelerator is one of the two main types of particle accelerators, where charged particles can be accelerated by subjection to a static high voltage potential. The static high voltage method is contrasted with the dynamic fields used in oscillating field particle accelerators. Owing to their simpler design, historically these accelerators were developed earlier. These machines are operated at lower energy than some larger oscillating field accelerators, and to the extent that the energy regime scales with the cost of these machines, in broad terms these machines are less expensive than higher energy machines, and as such they are much more common. Many universities world wide have electrostatic accelerators for research purposes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_nuclear_accelerator
---------------------
TESLA project goes public
http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28450
At a major event held at the DESY laboratory in March (see News May 2000), the international TESLA collaboration, together with the members of various study groups, released the TESLA Technical Design Report. This five-volume opus presented the final facts and figures concerning a grand plan for the future: the "TeV-Energy Superconducting Linear Accelerator", a 33 km electron-positron linear collider with an integrated X-ray laser laboratory.
To be built near the DESY laboratory in Hamburg, the facility would not only provide particle collision energies of 500 GeV - which could be increased to 800 GeV - but also include powerful X-ray lasers that would open up new research opportunities in a variety of fields, ranging from condensed matter physics through chemistry and material science to structural biology.
It is widely acknowledged among particle physicists that a linear accelerator colliding electrons and positrons is the ideal machine to complement CERN's Large Hadron Collider, which is due to start operation in 2006. As well as the TESLA collaboration, plans for similar next-generation linear electron-positron colliders are being worked on by other teams.
SLAC in the US and KEK in Japan are jointly developing two similar designs - known respectively as the Next Linear Collider and the Japan Linear Collider - which could be ready for construction at around the same time as TESLA. CERN is also working on a next-generation collider, CLIC. However, the TESLA proposal is the first to be fully costed and made public. It is also the only project to include an X-ray laser laboratory and thus to address a large interdisciplinary research community.
------------------------
----------------
----------------
Chapter 2: CERN
----------------
----------------
---------------------
Doing experiments with the interaction of antimatter, including chemicals such as uranium, have many people and scientists concerned. As we know, smashing certain chemicals, such as uranium at very high speeds, could create a giant catastrophic explosion on the planet.
----------------------------
Gravitational interaction of antimatter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_interaction_of_antimatter
The gravitational interaction of antimatter with matter or antimatter has not been conclusively observed by physicists. While the overwhelming consensus among physicists is that antimatter will attract both matter and antimatter at the same rate that matter attracts matter, there is a strong desire to confirm this experimentally.
Antimatter's rarity and tendency to annihilate when brought into contact with matter makes its study a technically demanding task. Most methods for the creation of antimatter (specifically antihydrogen) result in high-energy particles and atoms of high kinetic energy, which are unsuitable for gravity-related study. In recent years, first ALPHA [1][2] and then ATRAP [3] have trapped antihydrogen atoms at CERN; in 2013 ALPHA used such atoms to set the first free-fall loose bounds on the gravitational interaction of antimatter with matter, with a relative precision of the measurement of ±100%, not enough for a clear scientific statement about the sign of gravity acting on antimatter. Future experiments need to be performed with higher precision, either with beams of antihydrogen (AEGIS or GBAR) or with trapped antihydrogen (ALPHA).
------------------
CERN researchers confirm existence of the Force
April, 2015
Researchers at the Large Hadron Collider just recently started testing the accelerator for running at the higher energy of 13 TeV, and already they have found new insights into the fundamental structure of the universe. Though four fundamental forces – the strong force, the weak force, the electromagnetic force and gravity – have been well documented and confirmed in experiments over the years, CERN announced today the first unequivocal evidence for the Force. "Very impressive, this result is," said a diminutive green spokesperson for the laboratory.
http://phys.org/news/2015-04-cern.html#jCp
--------------
Meson f0(1710) could be so-called “glueball” particle made purely of nuclear force
Terms to describe the strange world of quantum physics have come to be quite common in our lexicon. Who, for instance, hasn't at least heard of a quark, or a gluon or even Schrodinger's cat? Now there's a new name to remember: "Glueball." A long sought-after exotic particle, and recently claimed to have been detected by researchers at TU Wien, the glueball's strangest characteristic is that it is composed entirely of gluons. In other words, it is a particle created from pure force.First mooted as a particle in 1972 when physicists Murray Gell-Mann and Harald Fritsch wondered about possible bound states of recently-discovered gluons, scientists have sought the particle in the intervening decades. Originally dubbed "gluonium," but now called glueballs, these strange particles of pure force are exceptionally unstable and can only be indirectly detected by monitoring their decay as they disassemble into lesser particles.
More recently, physics Professor Anton Rebhan and his PhD student Frederic Brünner from TU Wien have theorized that a strong nuclear decay resonance, called f0(1710), observed in the data from a number of particle accelerator experiments is strong evidence for the elusive glueball particle...
http://www.gizmag.com/meson-f01710-glueball-particle/39866/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
------------------
Stephen Hawking Says 'God Particle' Could Wipe Out the Universe
( Simulated data from the Large Hadron Collider particle detector shows the Higgs boson produced after two protons collide. )
Stephen Hawking bet Gordon Kane $100 that physicists would not discover the Higgs boson. After losing that bet when physicists detected the particle in 2012, Hawking lamented the discovery, saying it made physics less interesting. Now, in the preface to a new collection of essays and lectures called "Starmus," the famous theoretical physicist is warning that the particle could one day be responsible for the destruction of the known universe.
http://www.livescience.com/47737-stephen-hawking-higgs-boson-universe-doomsday.html
-------------
Although energy can be harvested from CERN, we still question how this type of technology can be abused, and used as a weapon.
----------
CERN Document Server - Micro energy harvesting
2015
https://cds.cern.ch/record/2019306
-------------
CERN Document Server - Piezoelectric energy harvesting
2015
http://cds.cern.ch/record/1613190?ln=en
------------
CAST explores the dark side of the universe
September 21, 2015
Over the next 10 days, CERN's Axion Solar Telescope (CAST) will receive the Sun's rays. The Sun's course is visible from the window in the CAST experimental hall just twice a year, in March and September. The scientists will take advantage of these few days to improve the alignment of the detector with respect to the position of the Sun to within a thousandth of a radian.
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2015-09-explores-dark-side-universe.html#jCp
-------------------------
Big Chill Sets in as RHIC Physics Heats Up
Run 14 promises highest collision rates enabling exploration of detailed properties of early-universe matter
UPTON, NY—If you think it's been cold outside this winter, that's nothing compared to the deep freeze setting in at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the early-universe-recreating "atom smasher" at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory. Brookhaven's accelerator physicists have begun pumping liquid helium into RHIC's 1,740 superconducting magnets to chill them to near absolute zero (-273 degrees Celsius—the coldest anything can get) in preparation for the collider's next physics run.
Once that extreme subzero temperature is reached, enabling the magnets to operate with zero energy loss, the physicists will begin injecting beams of gold ions and steering them into head-on collisions at nearly the speed of light. Those collisions create temperatures at the opposite extreme of the temperature scale—4 trillion degrees Celsius, or 250,000 times hotter than the center of the sun—to produce RHIC's signature "perfect" liquid quark-gluon plasma, a stand in for what the universe was like an instant after the Big Bang. During this experimental run, the 14th at this nuclear physics scientific user facility, scientists will conduct detailed studies of the primordial plasma's properties and fill in some missing data points to plot its transition to the matter we see in the universe today
--------------
The puzzle of the origin of elements in the universe
December 17, 2015
A rare nuclear reaction that occurs in red giants has been observed for the first time at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy. This result was achieved by the LUNA experiment, the world's only accelerator facility running deep underground.
The LUNA experiment at the INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy has observed a rare nuclear reaction that occurs in giant red stars, a type of star in which our sun will also evolve. This is the first direct observation of sodium production in these stars, one of the nuclear reactions that is fundamental for the formation of the elements that make up the universe. The study has been published in Physical Review Letters.
LUNA (Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics) is a compact linear accelerator. It is the only one in the world installed in an underground facility, shielded against cosmic rays. The experiment aims to study the nuclear reactions that take place inside stars where, like in an intriguing and amazing cosmic kitchen, the elements that make up matter are formed and then driven out by gigantic explosions and scattered as cosmic dust.
http://phys.org/news/2015-12-puzzle-elements-universe.html
---------------
RHIC particle smashups find that shape matters
December 7, 2015
Peering into the seething soup of primordial matter created in particle collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)-an "atom smasher" dedicated to nuclear physics research at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory-scientists have come to a new understanding of how particles are produced in these collisions. This understanding represents a paradigm shift consistent with the presence of a saturated state of gluons, super-dense fields of the glue-like particles that bind the building blocks of ordinary matter.
http://phys.org/news/2015-12-rhic-particle-smashups.html
-------------------
Physicists search for signs of supersymmetry
December 17, 2015
The first results from direct searches for new physics were announced today from CERN's energy-upgraded Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Among these results was a search for signs of a new theory called supersymmetry in which members of the University of Bristol particle physics group have played a leading role.
The LHC is the world's highest energy particle accelerator. After an almost two year shutdown and several months' re-commissioning, the LHC delivered physics data to its experiments from June to November this year at the unprecedented energy of 13 TeV, almost double the collision energy of its first run. The energy of the colliding protons is such that new particles much heavier than the proton can be created including the famous Higgs boson, and possibly even heavier and more exotic particles hypothesised in new physics theories. One such theory is called supersymmetry, which predicts an exotic partner for each currently known particle type.
http://phys.org/news/2015-12-physicists-supersymmetry.html
------------
Four new elements confirmed
January 4, 2016
http://www.gizmag.com/new-periodic-table-elements-confirmed/41139/
Chemistry textbooks are in need of a rewrite with the addition of four new elements to the Periodic Table. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has confirmed the existence of four new elements with the atomic numbers 113, 115, 117, and 118, which were discovered by laboratories in Japan, the United States, and Russia. This bumper group of new elements completes the 7th row of the Periodic Table and clears the way for the discoverers to start thinking up names for them.
Until now, elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 have only been known from their gaps in the table and the temporary names ununtrium (Uut), ununpentium (Uup), ununseptium (Uus), and ununoctium (Uuo). Now, thanks to RIKEN in Japan; the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), California; and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, (ORNL), Tennessee, these elements that do not exist in nature have been confirmed to have been created for the first time.
The fourth IUPAC and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) Joint Working Party (JWP) reviewed the findings of the discoverers and, based on a criteria set out in 1991, have confirmed them. Elements 115 and 117 were found by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, LLNL, and ORNL. Element 118 was found by the Joint Institute and LLNL, and 113 was found by RIKEN.
The periodic table in its modern form was invented by Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 and lists elements according to their atomic numbers based on the number of protons in their nuclei. Its odd shape, which is familiar to anyone trying to stay awake in chemistry class, is due to the discovery that by arranging the elements to group them by their chemical properties and electron configurations, it becomes a graphic representation of objective reality.
In other words, chemists could not only use the table to describe known elements, but also predict the existence and properties of unknown elements that were yet to be discovered. This makes the IUPAC announcement particularly important because it means that an entire row or period of the table has now been filled in thanks, in part, to this predictability.
Though many of the new elements were discovered as far back as 2004, the tricky bit has been proving that they exist. In the 19th century, any competent chemist could determine if a substance was a pure element, but the new elements reside in a part of the table where the atoms are super heavy and so unstable that they exist for less than a thousandth of a second.
Element 113, for example, was created by using a linear accelerator to bombard a thin layer of bismuth with zinc ions travelling at about ten percent of the speed of light in hope that, in rare instances, the bismuth and zinc atoms would fuse to form a element. The resulting super-heavy atom of 113 would then decay and turn into other unstable radioactive isotopes, which would decay nearly as fast.
The result was that the scientists who created the new element had to spend years tracing back the event through a labyrinth of isotopic breakdowns to prove that they descended from the new element. Then, the JWP of the IUPAC had to review the literature to make sure no mistakes were made.
Now that the elements are confirmed, the discoverers can officially apply permanent names and symbols to them. The proposed names and two-letter symbols will be checked by the Inorganic Chemistry Division of IUPAC and then be subjected to a public review for five months to make sure they conform to the standards of consistency, translatability into other languages, and historic use. Typically, names have been derived from mythology, minerals, geography, or the name of a scientist.
One other interesting point about the new elements is that it opens the way to the search for an "island of stability." That is, a region beyond the current Periodic Table where new superheavy elements will become stable and exist long enough to allow for conventional chemistry experiments.
-------------
The perfect liquid -- now even more perfect
January 17, 2012
Ultra hot quark-gluon-plasma, generated by heavy-ion collisions in particle accelerators, is supposed to be the "most perfect fluid" in the world. Previous theories imposed a limit on how "liquid" fluids can be. Recent results at the Vienna University of Technology suggest that this limit can be broken -- making the world's "most perfect fluid" even more perfect.
How liquid can a fluid be? This is a question particle physicists at the Vienna University of Technology have been working on. The "most perfect liquid" is nothing like water, but the extremely hot quark-gluon-plasma which is produced in heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. New theoretical results at Vienna UT show that this quark-gluon plasma could be even less viscous than was deemed possible by previous theories. The results were published in Physical Review Letters and highlighted as an "editors' selection".
Highly viscous liquids (such as honey) are thick and have strong internal friction, quantum liquids, such as super fluid helium can exhibit extremely low viscosity. In 2004, theorists claimed that quantum theory provided a lower bound for viscosity of fluids. Applying methods from string theory, the lowest possible ratio of viscosity to the entropy density was predicted to be ħ/4π (with the Planck-constant ħ). Even super fluid helium is far above this threshold. In 2005, measurements showed that quark-gluon-plasma exhibits a viscosity just barely above this limit. However, this record for low viscosity can still be broken, claims Dominik Steineder from the Institute for Theoretical Physics at Vienna UT. He obtained this remarkable result working as a PhD-student with Professor Anton Rebhan.
http://phys.org/news/2012-01-liquid-.html#nRlv
-------------
Linear particle accelerator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_particle_acceleratorA linear particle accelerator (often shortened to linac) is a type of particle accelerator that greatly increases the kinetic energy of charged subatomic particles or ions by subjecting the charged particles to a series of oscillating electric potentials along a linear beamline; this method of particle acceleration was invented by Leó Szilárd. It was patented in 1928 by Rolf Widerøe, who also built the first operational device at the RWTH Aachen University in 1928, influenced by a publication of Gustav Ising.
Linacs have many applications: they generate X-rays and high energy electrons for medicinal purposes in radiation therapy, serve as particle injectors for higher-energy accelerators, and are used directly to achieve the highest kinetic energy for light particles (electrons and positrons) for particle physics.
The design of a linac depends on the type of particle that is being accelerated: electrons, protons or ions. Linacs range in size from a cathode ray tube (which is a type of linac) to the 3.2-kilometre-long (2.0 mi) linac at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Menlo Park, California.
----------------
China to build a particle collider twice the size of the Large Hadron Collider
November 27, 2015China is planning to enter the Europe- and US-dominated world of experimental physics with (wait for it …) a bang. It has formally announced that it will begin the first phase of construction of an enormous particle accelerator around 2020, which will be twice the size and seven times more powerful than CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
http://www.gizmag.com/china-worlds-biggest-particle-collider/40526/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
------------------
Antimatter Propulsion Engine Redesigned Using CERN's Particle Physics Simulation Toolkit
Latest simulation shows that the magnetic nozzles required for antimatter propulsion could be vastly more efficient than previously thought–and built with today’s technologies
http://www.technologyreview.com/view/427923/antimatter-propulsion-engine-redesigned-using-cerns-particle-physics-simulation-toolkit/
-----------------------------
For more information on nuclear experiments with plasma accelerator technology, view chapter titled "Plasma technology."
--------------------
----------------
----------------
Chapter 3: Antimatter
----------------
----------------
---------------------
Antimatter
In particle physics, antimatter is material composed of antiparticles, which have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but opposite charges, as well as other particle properties such as lepton and baryon numbers and quantum spin. Collisions between particles and antiparticles lead to the annihilation of both, giving rise to variable proportions of intense photons (gamma rays), neutrinos, and less massive particle–antiparticle pairs. The mass of any produced neutrinos is negligible, while they contain energy that generally continues to be unavailable after the release of particle–antiparticle annihilation. The total consequence of annihilation is a release of energy available for work, proportional to the total matter and antimatter mass, in accord with the mass–energy equivalence equation, E = mc2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter
--------------------------
Air Force pursuing antimatter weapons / Program was touted publicly, then came official gag order
October 4, 2004
http://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Air-Force-pursuing-antimatter-weapons-Program-2689674.php
----------------------
Antimatter weapon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter_weapon
-------------
The antimatter factory: inside the project that could power fusion and annihilation lasers
August 28, 2013
http://www.theverge.com/2013/8/28/4659834/unlocking-the-positron-fusion-annihilation-laser
Physicists have been chasing antimatter technology for more than 80 years now — driven by the promise of oppositely oriented particles that explode in a burst of energy whenever they make contact with their more common counterpart. If we could tame antimatter, those explosions could be used to power a new generation of technology, from molecular scanners to rocket engines to the so-called "annihilation laser," a tightly concentrated energy beam fueled by annihilating positrons. But while scientists have seen recent breakthroughs in creating the particles, they still have trouble capturing and containing them.
That progress has left us closer to workable antimatter than ever before, and parallel projects are already working on novel devices to cool and trap the particles, along with new magnetic arrays to keep them stable. With the right funding, experts estimate we could see the dawn of the positron age in as few as five years. Positron Dynamics is one key player in the new wave of technology, working on an innovative method for cooling down and capturing positrons, the antimatter equivalent of the common electron. Whenever a positron and an electron meet, they annihilate each other, which presents a serious challenge for anyone working with them. It’s particularly difficult because electrons are literally everywhere, floating in clouds around essentially every atom in the universe. Right now, the best solution for cooling the positrons is running them through a block of frozen neon (called a "moderator"), which offers a minimum of stray electrons. But the system only catches roughly one in 100 positrons, and in the 30 years it’s been in use, no one’s been able to improve on it.
-------
After 85-year search, massless particle with promise for next-generation electronics found
July 16, 2015
An international team led by Princeton University scientists has discovered Weyl fermions, an elusive massless particle theorized 85 years ago. The particle could give rise to faster and more efficient electronics because of its unusual ability to behave as matter and antimatter inside a crystal, according to new research.
The researchers report in the journal Science July 16 the first observation of Weyl fermions, which, if applied to next-generation electronics, could allow for a nearly free and efficient flow of electricity in electronics, and thus greater power, especially for computers, the researchers suggest.
Proposed by the mathematician and physicist Hermann Weyl in 1929, Weyl fermions have been long sought by scientists because they have been regarded as possible building blocks of other subatomic particles, and are even more basic than the ubiquitous, negative-charge carrying electron (when electrons are moving inside a crystal). Their basic nature means that Weyl fermions could provide a much more stable and efficient transport of particles than electrons, which are the principle particle behind modern electronics.
http://phys.org/news/2015-07-year-massless-particle-next-generation-electronics.html#jCp
------------------
Antiproton Decelerator
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiproton_Decelerator#ATRAP
The Antiproton Decelerator (AD) is a storage ring at the CERN laboratory in Geneva. It was built as a successor to the Low Energy Antiproton Ring (LEAR) and started operation in the year 2000. The decelerated antiprotons are ejected to one of several connected experiments.
ATRAP
The ATRAP collaboration at CERN developed out of TRAP, a collaboration whose members pioneered cold antiprotons, cold positrons, and first made the ingredients of cold antihydrogen to interact. ATRAP members also pioneered accurate hydrogen spectroscopy and first observed hot antihydrogen atoms.
--------------
'Anti-atomic fingerprint': Physicists manipulate anti-hydrogen atoms for the first time (Update)
Mar 07, 2012
http://phys.org/news/2012-03-anti-atomic-fingerprint-physicists-anti-hydrogen-atoms.html#jCp
-----
Space Station's Giant Antimatter Magnet Finds Abundance Of Mysterious Particles
April 3, 2013
The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer's first results could be evidence of dark matter.
http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-04/antimatter-magnet-flying-space-station-finds-new-clues-pointing-dark-matter
---------------
Warp Drive, When? Status of Antimatter
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/technology/warp/antistat.html
Antimatter
is real stuff, not just science fiction. Antimatter is firmly in the
realm of science with some aspects even entering the technology realm.
There is also a lot of speculation about what one might do with
antimatter.
What is Antimatter?
Antimatter
is matter with its electrical charge reversed. Anti-electrons, called
"positrons," are like an electron but with a positive charge.
Antiprotons are like protons with a negative charge. Positron,
antiprotons and other antiparticles can be routinely created at particle
accelerator labs, such as CERN in Europe, and can even be trapped and
stored for days or weeks at a time. And just last year, they made
antihydrogen for the first time. It didn’t last long, but they did it.
Also, Antimatter is NOT antigravity. Although it has not been
experimentally confirmed, existing theory predicts that antimatter
behaves the same to gravity as does normal matter.
Technology
is now being explored to make antimatter carrying cases, to consider
using antimatter for medical purposes, and to consider how to make
antimatter rockets.
The catch?
Right
now it would cost about One-Hundred-Billion dollars to create one
milligram of antimatter. One milligram is way beyond what is needed for
research purposes, but that amount would be needed for large scale
applications. To be commercially viable, this price would have to drop
by about a factor of Ten-Thousand.
And what about using antimatter for power generation? - not promising.
It
costs far more energy to create antimatter than the energy one could
get back from an antimatter reaction. Right now standard nuclear
reactors, which take advantage of the decay of radioactive substances,
are far more promising as power generating technology than antimatter.
Something to keep in mind, too, is that antimatter reactions - where
antimatter and normal matter collide and release energy, require the
same safety precautions as needed with nuclear reactions.
---------------------------
Left-handed cosmic magnetic field could explain missing antimatter
May 14, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-05-left-handed-cosmic-magnetic-field-antimatter.html?utm_source=menu&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=item-menu
---------------------
----------------
----------------
Chapter 4: Plasma energy
----------------
----------------
---------------------
Plasma breakthrough: Scientists unlock magnetic secrets for stable nuclear fusion
Aug 09, 2025
Turbulence that starts at the particle level can directly change the large-scale equilibrium of a plasma system.
Researchers from South Korea have provided experimental proof of ‘multi-scale coupling’ in plasma. The study demonstrates how microscopic events can cause large-scale changes in this state of matter.
A challenge in plasma physics has been to understand multi-scale coupling, a process where particle-level turbulence scales up to affect the entire plasma system.
“Cross-scale coupling from magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) to non-MHD scales is important in interpreting observations of explosive events in nature,” said the researchers in a new study.
https://interestingengineering.com/energy/plasmas-secrets-unlocked-for-fusion-reactor
-
New methods to make longer streams of plasma with greater longevity could lead to laser-powered lightning rods
September 24, 2015
( A picture of a femtosecond laser. The laser beam itself is invisible (800nm), but due to the formation of a plasma channel, the beam emits (visible) white light. )
Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning rod 250 years ago to protect people and buildings from lightning strikes. Someday, those metal poles may be replaced with lasers.
A team of researchers from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, have demonstrated new techniques that bring lasers as lighting rods closer to reality.
When a powerful laser beam shoots through the air, it ionizes the molecules, leaving a thin trail of hot, ionized particles in its wake. Because this stream of plasma conducts electricity, it could be used to channel away a potentially damaging lightning bolt.
The researchers found ways to make the length of such a plasma channel reach more than 10 times longer—a necessary advance for using the channel to redirect a lightning strike.
http://phys.org/news/2015-09-methods-longer-streams-plasma-greater.html#jCp
------------------------------------
Researchers build real-time tunable plasmon laser
4/24/2015
Traditionally, light can only ever be focused down to a point half the size of its frequency—aka the diffraction limit. Scientists have found a way around that limit, however, by building what are known as plasmon lasers, which are lasers that couple their beam with plasmons (oscillating surface electrons) on the surface of metals—gold for example, arranged in an array. But that approach has had its limitations as well, because it has had to rely on a solid bit of material called the gain—such lasers could not be tuned very easily, and not in real-time at all. In this new effort, the researchers report that they have found a way to use a liquid material as the gain, and because of that, are able to tune their laser in real time.
http://phys.org/news/2015-04-real-time-tunable-plasmon-laser.html#jCp
-----------
Michio Kaku - Can you build a real Lightsaber ?
Mar 5, 2014
-------------
X marks the spot: Researchers confirm novel method for controlling plasma rotation
June 23rd, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-06-method-plasma-rotation.html?utm_source=menu&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=item-menu
Rotation
is key to the performance of salad spinners, toy tops, and centrifuges,
but recent research suggests a way to harness rotation for the future
of mankind's energy supply. In papers published in Physics of Plasmas in
May and Physical Review Letters this month, Timothy Stoltzfus-Dueck, a
physicist at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Princeton Plasma
Physics Laboratory (PPPL), demonstrated a novel method that scientists
can use to manipulate the intrinsic - or self-generated - rotation of
hot, charged plasma gas within fusion facilities called tokamaks.
Such
a method could prove important for future facilities like ITER, the
huge international tokamak under construction in France that will
demonstrate the feasibility of fusion as a source of energy for
generating electricity. ITER's massive size will make it difficult for
the facility to provide sufficient rotation through external means.
-------
Extending life of plasma channels could allow lasers to be used as lightning rods
September 25, 2015
http://www.gizmag.com/plasma-channels-laser-lightning-rods/39588/
-----------
The Air Force Exploration of Pulse-Train Plasmoid Guns
http://www.topsecretwriters.com/2012/07/the-air-force-exploration-of-pulse-train-plasmoid-guns/
In 1956, Winston Bostick discovered an entity consisting of plasma and magnetic field, which he named the Plasmoid(1).
Plasmoids
have a series of cosmic implications and is used to explain various
phenomenon, such as the magnetic plasma structures found in comet tails,
solar wind, and solar atmosphere.
However, barely four years
after the discovery of the Plasmoid, the U.S. government conducted
research into the possibility of using Plasmoids as a weapon.
TheBlackVault.com acquired a Defense Technical Information Center report
through an FOIA request on the matter.
----------
Kilotesla Magnetic Field due to a Capacitor-Coil Target Driven by High Power Laser
- Published
Laboratory generation of strong magnetic fields opens new frontiers in
plasma and beam physics, astro- and solar-physics, materials science,
and atomic and molecular physics. Although kilotesla magnetic fields
have already been produced by magnetic flux compression using an
imploding metal tube or plasma shell, accessibility at multiple points
and better controlled shapes of the field are desirable. Here we have
generated kilotesla magnetic fields using a capacitor-coil target, in
which two nickel disks are connected by a U-turn coil. A magnetic flux
density of 1.5 kT was measured using the Faraday effect 650 μm away from the coil, when the capacitor was driven by two beams from the GEKKO-XII laser (at 1 kJ (total), 1.3 ns, 0.53 or 1 μm, and 5 × 1016 W/cm2).
http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130130/srep01170/full/srep01170.html
----------------------------
Firing the Lorentz Plasma Cannon
Mar 12, 2025
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lix-vr_AF38
-
Incredible display of a glowing plasma toroid!
2024 Jul 24
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/trGsFRV8HLM
-
Plasma toroid by Alexander Glazkov
2024 Feb 24
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/65v0MGhyPCk
-
Seeding magnetic fields for laser-driven flux compression in high-energy-density plasmas.
2009 Apr
A compact, self-contained magnetic-seed-field generator (5 to 16 T) is
the enabling technology for a novel laser-driven flux-compression scheme
in laser-driven targets. A magnetized target is directly irradiated by a
kilojoule or megajoule laser to compress the preseeded magnetic field
to thousands of teslas. A fast (300 ns), 80 kA current pulse delivered
by a portable pulsed-power system is discharged into a low-mass coil
that surrounds the laser target. A >15 T target field has been
demonstrated using a <100 J capacitor bank, a laser-triggered switch,
and a low-impedance (<1 Omega) strip line. The device has been
integrated into a series of magnetic-flux-compression experiments on the
60 beam, 30 kJ OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495
(1997)]. The initial application is a novel magneto-inertial fusion
approach [O. V. Gotchev et al., J. Fusion Energy 27, 25 (2008)] to
inertial confinement fusion (ICF), where the amplified magnetic field
can inhibit thermal conduction losses from the hot spot of a compressed
target. This can lead to the ignition of massive shells imploded with
low velocity-a way of reaching higher gains than is possible with
conventional ICF.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19405657
---------------------------
Amplifying Magnetic Fields in High Energy Density Plasmas
Ultra high intensity magnetic fields open new opportunities in high energy density plasma science.
October 2012
(A double coil is assembled on the transmission line of the magnetic
field generator (MIFEDS) by Mr. PY Chang, PhD student at the University
of Rochester. The MIFEDS device discharges 50 kA of current through the
coil generating a ~10 Tesla magnetic field used to magnetize
laser-driven targets.)
http://science.energy.gov/fes/highlights/2012/fes-2012-10-c/
-----------
Skunk Works Reveals Compact Fusion Reactor Details
Lockheed Martin aims to develop compact reactor prototype in five years, production unit in 10
Hidden away in the secret depths of the Skunk Works, a Lockheed Martin
research team has been working quietly on a nuclear energy concept they
believe has the potential to meet, if not eventually decrease, the
world’s insatiable demand for power.
Dubbed
the compact fusion reactor (CFR), the device is conceptually safer,
cleaner and more powerful than much larger, current nuclear systems that
rely on fission, the process of splitting atoms to release energy.
Crucially, by being “compact,” Lockheed believes its scalable concept
will also be small and practical enough for applications ranging from
interplanetary spacecraft and commercial ships to city power stations.
It may even revive the concept of large, nuclear-powered aircraft that
virtually never require refueling—ideas of which were largely abandoned
more than 50 years ago because of the dangers and complexities involved
with nuclear fission reactors. -
-To understand the breakthroughs of the Lockheed concept, it is useful
to know how fusion works and how methods for controlling the reaction
have a fundamental impact on both the amount of energy produced and the
scale of the reactor. Fusion fuel, made up of hydrogen isotopes
deuterium and tritium, starts as a gas injected into an evacuated
containment vessel. Energy is added, usually by radio-frequency heating,
and the gas breaks into ions and electrons, forming plasma.
The
super hot plasma is controlled by strong magnetic fields that prevent it
from touching the sides of the vessel and, if the confinement is
sufficiently constrained, the ions overcome their mutual repulsion,
collide and fuse. The process creates helium-4, freeing neutrons that
carry the released energy kinetically through the confining magnetic
fields. These neutrons heat the reactor wall which, through conventional
heat exchangers, can then be used to drive turbine generators.
Until
now, the majority of fusion reactor systems have used a plasma control
device called a tokamak, invented in the 1950s by physicists in the
Soviet Union. The tokamak uses a magnetic field to hold the plasma in
the shape of a torus, or ring, and maintains the reaction by inducing a
current inside the plasma itself with a second set of electromagnets.
The challenge with this approach is that the resulting energy generated
is almost the same as the amount required to maintain the
self-sustaining fusion reaction.
An advanced fusion reactor version, the International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor (ITER), being built in Cadarache, France, is
expected to generate 500 MW. However, plasma is not due to be generated
until the late 2020s, and derivatives are not likely to be producing
significant power until at least the 2040s.
The
problem with tokamaks is that “they can only hold so much plasma, and
we call that the beta limit,” McGuire says. Measured as the ratio of
plasma pressure to the magnetic pressure, the beta limit of the average
tokamak is low, or about “5% or so of the confining pressure,” he says.
Comparing the torus to a bicycle tire, McGuire adds, “if they put too
much in, eventually their confining tire will fail and burst—so to
operate safely, they don’t go too close to that.” Aside from this
inefficiency, the physics of the tokamak dictate huge dimensions and
massive cost. The ITER, for example, will cost an estimated $50 billion
and when complete will measure around 100 ft. high and weigh 23,000
tons.
----------
Scientists in Germany switch on nuclear fusion experiment (Update)
February 3, 2016
http://phys.org/news/2016-02-scientists-germany-nuclear-fusion.html
Scientists
in Germany flipped the switch Wednesday on an experiment they hope will
advance the quest for nuclear fusion, considered a clean and safe form
of nuclear power.
Following nine years of construction
and testing, researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
in Greifswald injected a tiny amount of hydrogen into a doughnut-shaped
device—then zapped it with the equivalent of 6,000 microwave ovens.
The
resulting super-hot gas, known as plasma, lasted just a fraction of a
second before cooling down again, long enough for scientists to
confidently declare the start of their experiment a success.
"Everything
went well today," said Robert Wolf, a senior scientist involved with
the project. "With a system as complex as this you have to make sure
everything works perfectly and there's always a risk."
Among
the difficulties is how to cool the complex arrangement of magnets
required to keep the plasma floating inside the device, Wolf said.
Scientists looked closely at the hiccups experienced during the start-up
of the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland more than five years ago to
avoid similar mistakes, he said.
The experiment in
Greifswald is part of a world-wide effort to harness nuclear fusion, a
process in which atoms join at extremely high temperatures and release
large amounts of energy that's similar to what occurs inside the sun.
Advocates
acknowledge that the technology is probably many decades away, but
argue that—once achieved—it could replace fossil fuels and conventional
nuclear fission reactors.
Construction has already
begun in southern France on ITER, a huge international research reactor
that uses a strong electric current to trap plasma inside a
doughnut-shaped device long enough for fusion to take place. The device,
known as a tokamak, was conceived by Soviet physicists in the 1950s and
is considered fairly easy to build, but extremely difficult to operate.
The
team in Greifswald, a port city on Germany's Baltic coast, is focused
on a rival technology invented by the American physicist Lyman Spitzer
in 1950. Called a stellarator, the device has the same doughnut shape as
a tokamak but uses a complicated system of magnetic coils instead of a
current to achieve the same result.
--------------
New facility to accelerate materials solutions for fusion energy
June 9, 2025
MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center to establish the Schmidt Laboratory for Materials in Nuclear Technologies.
Fusion energy has the potential to enable the energy transition from fossil fuels, enhance domestic energy security, and power artificial intelligence. Private companies have already invested more than $8 billion to develop commercial fusion and seize the opportunities it offers. An urgent challenge, however, is the discovery and evaluation of cost-effective materials that can withstand extreme conditions for extended periods, including 150-million-degree plasmas and intense particle bombardment.
To meet this challenge, MIT’s Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) has launched the Schmidt Laboratory for Materials in Nuclear Technologies, or LMNT (pronounced “element”). Backed by a philanthropic consortium led by Eric and Wendy Schmidt, LMNT is designed to speed up the discovery and selection of materials for a variety of fusion power plant components.
https://news.mit.edu/2025/new-facility-accelerate-materials-solutions-fusion-energy-0609
-
New Fusion Technology Promises Cleaner, Cheaper Energy Future
April 27, 2025
In the persistent quest to harness the power of the stars, a new spark of hope has emerged from a laboratory in California. A team of fusion researchers at TAE Technologies, Inc., working alongside physicists from the University of California, has unveiled a bold new approach to fusion energy—one that could radically alter the trajectory of humanity’s energy future. Their groundbreaking work, detailed in the journal Nature Communications, boasts astonishing claims: a reactor capable of producing 100 times more power than conventional designs, operating at half the cost.
For decades, fusion energy has been the holy grail of clean power—an elusive dream that, if realized, could solve the world’s growing energy needs without the environmental baggage of fossil fuels. Yet, despite immense efforts and monumental investments, fusion has remained a dream perpetually “thirty years away.” Could this new technology finally bring that dream within reach?
The Eternal Challenge of Fusion
Fusion, at its core, is simple to understand yet fiendishly difficult to achieve. The process powers the sun, merging hydrogen atoms under immense heat and pressure to release massive amounts of energy. Recreating such conditions on Earth, however, has been a monumental scientific and engineering challenge.
Traditional fusion efforts have largely centered around massive devices like tokamaks—donut-shaped reactors that corral ultra-hot plasma using powerful magnetic fields. These machines, like the famous ITER project in France, are engineering marvels, but they are also staggeringly expensive, energy-hungry, and complex.
Even when functioning as designed, tokamaks consume enormous amounts of electricity just to sustain the magnetic fields that contain the plasma. This immense input has made achieving “net energy”—producing more energy than is consumed—a seemingly Sisyphean task.
https://www.sciencenewstoday.org/new-fusion-technology-promises-cleaner-cheaper-energy-future
-
Researchers stunned by results of energy experiment using ultrahot plasma: 'We were totally shocked'
June 14, 2025
A team of U.S. scientists has made a surprising discovery that could help bring fusion energy, a long-hoped-for clean energy source, closer to reality.
In a recent experiment at the University of Rochester, researchers were stunned to find that heat in an ultrahot plasma didn't flow between materials the way they thought it would. At a scorching 180,000 degrees, heat seemed to get stuck between tungsten metal and a plastic coating, leaving that material surprisingly cool, as reported by Interesting Engineering.
"When we looked at the data, we were totally shocked because the heat was not flowing between these materials," said physicist Thomas White, who led the project alongside his former student, Cameron Allen.
https://www.yahoo.com/news/researchers-stunned-results-energy-experiment-111548267.html
-
Swedish firm aims for 100x plasma confinement boost in new fusion reactor
Dec 14, 2024
The success of fusion power plants hinges on the quality of energy confinement.
A Sweden-based firm has launched a plasma confinement project to achieve commercially viable fusion energy.
The TauEB project by Novatron Fusion Group aims to revolutionize plasma confinement and energy containment in fusion reactors.
Novatron’s project will introduce a first-of-its-kind integration of three physical confinement techniques, which will include Magnetic Confinement, Ambipolar Plugging, and Ponderomotive Confinement.
https://interestingengineering.com/energy/sweden-new-plasma-confinement-project
-
Engineers make key breakthrough in quest for limitless energy device: 'We are more than thrilled'
August 11, 2025
Scientists and researchers worldwide are looking for technological breakthroughs that improve clean energy efficiency. One exciting area that continues to draw a lot of focus is the field of fusion energy.
According to the Department of Energy, fusion energy is produced when two nuclei produce a new nucleus. This releases a lot of energy. In fact, it is the process that powers the sun.
To replicate that here on Earth, scientists are trying to figure out how to heat plasma up to a hundred million degrees Celsius so electrons in atomic nuclei can be freed.
A company called General Atomics has announced it completed a shipment of materials to the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority to be used in its Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak Upgrade machine, which is a next-generation fusion experiment.
This involves a new method for heating plasma called Electron Bernstein Wave heating. This process uses electromagnetic waves to boost and direct charged particles inside plasma.
Figuring out fusion technology would be a massive game-changer, as it would mean nearly unlimited amounts of clean energy. This would lower energy costs for everyone and lead to a cleaner, cooler future, as the process does not require the burning of dirty fuels such as coal, oil, and gas.
This is extremely important, as NASA observed that extreme heat events have doubled over the past 40 years.
https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/engineers-key-breakthrough-quest-limitless-211500770.html
China takes bold step forward in global race for limitless energy device: 'We have fully mastered the core technologies'
August 4, 2025
China is rapidly closing in on an achievement that could transform the way we power homes, cities, and industries forever.
The country has entered the final assembly phase of a next-generation fusion reactor called the Burning Plasma Experiment Superconducting Tokamak, which is expected to be operational by 2027, per Popular Mechanics.
If it's successful, BEST would mark a major milestone in the race toward achieving fusion energy, a process that mimics the same physics that power the sun.
https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/china-takes-bold-step-forward-114531311.html
-
Fusion Breakthrough: 6 Minutes of Plasma Sets New Reactor Record
07 May 2024
https://www.sciencealert.com/fusion-breakthrough-6-minutes-of-plasma-sets-new-reactor-record
-
-
San Diego Based Company Showcasing Terahertz Wands and "Med Bed" Plasma Technology to the Public
CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA, USA, October 20, 2022 /EINPresswire.com/ -- Med beds and "med bed" type technology has started to catch the public eye as a science fiction type of technology that apparently exists but yet very few if any are familiar with. These so-called "med beds" offer a wide range of benefits using a variety of technologies to assist with a myriad of health and wellness-related issues.
A San Diego-based company is now providing many of these new technologies to med spas, wellness centers, and the general public. These devices and technology are using frequencies and energy to assist cells and the body in recovery and rejuvenation. Some of the new products and technologies being brought out to the public include terahertz wands, plasma wave generators, and anti-aging bed covers.
Anti-aging bed covers may be one of the more simple yet powerful technology products being offered with earthing, grounding, and FAR infrared. These bed covers assist the body with removing EMF radiation, providing electrons, and neutralizing free radicals along with improved circulation and increased energy with ATP production. The anti-aging bed covers work by just laying down on the cover and the effects with better sleep and recovery are some of the most reported benefits people are experiencing.
Another very fast and popular technology includes terahertz wands which are frequency-based devices that look and work much like a hair dryer but also provide terahertz, quantum scaler, and quartz crystal frequencies and technology. This frequency coming from the wand assists the body with cellular function, detoxification, cellular regeneration, and circulation. The technologies assist the body with all types of health and wellness issues including stiffness, soreness, arthritis, joint pain, kidney functions, gums and mouth, and all types of skin-related issues including wrinkles, Psoriasis, acne, rashes, and more.
"The terahertz wands are quickly becoming a top seller and are assisting people with Osteoperosis, tumors, activating dormant stem cells, hair growth, and more. These small devices are not just beneficial for the body but are also used to "charge water", where the energy from the wand is pointed into the water and the structure of the water is altered to enhance hydration.
When it comes to more powerful med bed-type technologies plasma-based technology is one of the most popular. Plasma is created when gas is charged with enough energy to convert it from gas to plasma. Plasma is what the sun is made of along with lightning and many people including Nikola Tesla have worked with plasma energy for over one hundred years ago. Plasma energy can also be turned into specific frequencies to address very specific cells and health conditions. Many other pioneers including Royal Rife spent years finding the frequencies that cells would resonate at and how plasma could affect the removal of bad cells and promote the health of good cells. The San Diego-based company has a wide variety of plasma-based technology products including "plasma energy spheres" which create a plasma energy field that people can sit into to absorb the plasma energy. Products like the plasma energy spheres are actually creating a live and intelligent energy field that goes back into more science fiction with fact-based physics.
"As more of these plasma and med bed type technologies make their way public GMG Medical will keep finding them and showcasing them as options for improved health and wellness", said GMG Medical CEO Gloria Flores. "We are finding a wide level of interest with the terahertz wands and other plasma technology products which people are using for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Lyme disease, and many other ailments". she said. "These products are ideal for assisting with many health issues but also maintaining good health, which is just as important".
https://www.appliedtechnologynews.com/article/596585795-san-diego-based-company-showcasing-terahertz-wands-and-med-bed-plasma-technology-to-the-public
-
PyroGenesis Signs Additional Contract with Constellium to Advance Aluminum Furnace Electrification Using Plasma Torch Technology
Aug 5, 2025
Marks next phase of industrial-scale deployment for aluminum sector energy transition.
https://www.thestar.com/globenewswire/pyrogenesis-signs-additional-contract-with-constellium-to-advance-aluminum-furnace-electrification-using-plasma-torch-technology/article_2c1c9be5-d527-5beb-bdb4-968eab2723d8.html
-
This Explosive Plasma Discovery by a US Lab Is About to Redefine Nuclear Energy and Microchip Performance Forever
May 26, 2025
In a groundbreaking development poised to revolutionize both energy and electronics, scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory have unveiled a new simulation method that enhances fusion research and chip manufacturing by providing unprecedented insights into the complex behaviors of plasma systems.
https://www.sustainability-times.com/research/this-explosive-plasma-discovery-by-a-us-lab-is-about-to-redefine-nuclear-energy-and-microchip-performance-forever/
-
GPS Moonshots: Creating a star on earth
December 22, 2014
http://www.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2014/12/22/exp-gps-moonshots-iter-sot.cnn
--------------
The
problem with trying to create a synthetic star with ITER, is trying to
harness the immense heat, given off by the artificial miniature star.
Scientists want to use magnetic energy, in order to trap the heat, given
off by the synthetic star. This has many scientists concerned. The same
types of theories were used, in trying to create an artificial black
hole, while attempting to trap the energy, with different types of
magnetic energy.
---------
ITER
ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and Latin for "the way") is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, which is currently building the world's largest experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor adjacent to the Cadarache facility in the south of France. The ITER project aims to make the long-awaited transition from experimental studies of plasma physics to full-scale electricity-producing fusion power plants.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITER
-----------------
Hydrogen-Boron vs. Deuterium-Tritium
Nuclear fusion has the potential to generate power without the
radioactive waste of nuclear fission, but that depends on which atoms
you decide to fuse. Conventional fusion approaches work with deuterium
and tritium (DT), while focus fusion works with hydrogen and boron
eleven (pB11).
http://focusfusion.org/index.php/site/article/deuterium_tritium_vs_hydrogen_boron/
--------------
We can even harness energy
from different chemicals and gases, that can be made for self-sustaining
sources of renewable energy. Scientists still question the footprint,
that may be left, when using of combination of different chemicals, for a
source of energy.
----------------------
HOW IT WORKS: Fusion Power
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJZvFlo0iNs
-----------------
Small-scale nuclear fusion may be a new energy source
- September 25, 2015
Fusion energy may soon be used in small-scale power stations. This means
producing environmentally friendly heating and electricity at a low
cost from fuel found in water. Both heating generators and generators
for electricity could be developed within a few years, according to new
research.
Nuclear fusion is a process whereby atomic nuclei melt together and
release energy. Because of the low binding energy of the tiny atomic
nuclei, energy can be released by combining two small nuclei with a
heavier one. A collaboration between researchers at the University of
Gothenburg and the University of Iceland has been to study a new type of
nuclear fusion process. This produces almost no neutrons but instead
fast, heavy electrons (muons), since it is based on nuclear reactions in
ultra-dense heavy hydrogen (deuterium).
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150925085550.htm
------------
Nuclear fusion, the ultimate clean energy
20th March, 2015
http://theforeigner.no/pages/columns/nuclear-fusion-the-ultimate-clean-energy/
-------------
Magnetic fields and lasers elicit graphene secret
Nov 24, 2014
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2014-11-magnetic-fields-lasers-elicit-graphene.html#jCp
Graphene is considered a "wonder material": its breaking strength is higher than steel and it conducts electricity and heat more effectively than copper. As a two-dimensional structure consisting of only a single layer of carbon atoms, it is also flexible, nearly transparent and approximately one million times thinner than a sheet of paper. Furthermore, shortly after its discovery ten years ago, scientists recognized that the energy states of graphene in a magnetic field - known as Landau levels - behave differently than those of semiconductors. "Many fascinating effects have been discovered with graphene in magnetic fields, but the dynamics of electrons have never been studied in such a system until now," explains physicist Dr. Stephan Winnerl from HZDR.
The HZDR researchers exposed the graphene to a four-Tesla magnetic field - forty times stronger than a horseshoe magnet. As a result, the electrons in graphene occupy only certain energy states. The negatively charged particles were virtually forced on tracks. These energy levels were then examined with free-electron laser light pulses at the HZDR. "The laser pulse excites the electrons into a certain Landau level. A temporally delayed pulse then probes how the system evolves," explains Martin Mittendorff, doctoral candidate at the HZDR and first author of the paper.
Electron redistribution surprises scientists
The result of the experiments has astonished the researchers. This particular energy level, into which new electrons were pumped using the laser, gradually emptied. Winnerl illustrates this paradoxical effect using an everyday example: "Imagine a librarian sorting books on a bookshelf with three shelves. She places one book at a time from the lower shelf onto the middle shelf. Her son is simultaneously 'helping' by taking two books from the middle shelf, placing one of them on the top shelf, the other on the bottom. The son is very eager and now the number of books on the middle shelf decreases even though this is precisely the shelf his mother wishes to fill."
Because there were neither experiments nor theories regarding such dynamics before, the Dresden physicists initially had difficulty interpreting the signals correctly. After a number of attempts, however, they found an explanation: collisions between electrons cause this unusual rearrangement. "This effect has long been known as Auger scattering, but no one expected it would be so strong and would cause an energy level to become depleted," explains Winnerl.
This new discovery could be used in the future for developing a laser that can produce light with arbitrarily adjustable wavelengths in the infrared and terahertz ranges. "Such a Landau-level laser was long considered impossible, but now with graphene this semiconductor physicists' dream could become a reality," says Winnerl enthusiastically.
------
Magnetized target fusion
Magnetized target fusion (MTF) is a relatively new approach to producing fusion power that combines features of magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF) approaches. Like the magnetic approach, the fusion fuel is confined at lower density by magnetic fields while it is heated into a plasma.
Like the inertial approach, fusion is initiated by rapidly squeezing
the target to greatly increase fuel density and temperature. Although
the resulting density is far lower than in traditional ICF, it is
thought that the combination of longer confinement times and better heat
retention will let MTF yield the same efficiencies, yet be far easier
to build. The term magneto-inertial fusion (MIF) is similar, but
encompasses a wider variety of arrangements. The two terms are often
applied interchangeably to experiments.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion
-------
Levitated dipole
A levitated dipole is a nuclear fusion experiment using a solid superconducting torus which is magnetically levitated inside the reactor chamber. It is believed that such an apparatus could contain plasma more efficiently than other fusion reactor designs. The superconductor forms an axisymmetric magnetic field of a nature similar to Earth's or Jupiter's magnetospheres. The machine was run in a collaboration between MIT and Columbia University.
The Levitated Dipole Experiment was funded by the US Department of Energy's Office of Fusion Energy, but funding for the LDX was ended in November 2011 to concentrate resources on Tokamak designs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitated_dipole
-----------------------
With lazers, magnetism, vacuums and sustainable energy, it is possible to make many new inventions.
-----------------
Plasma propulsion engine
A plasma propulsion engine is a type of electric propulsion that generates thrust from a quasi-neutral plasma. This is in contrast to ion thruster engines, which generates thrust through extracting an ion current from plasma source, which is then accelerated to high velocities using grids/anodes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_propulsion_engine
--------------------
For more information on magnets for harvesting energy, view the chapter "Magnetic energy."
------------------------------------------------
Plasma research shows promise for future compact accelerators
December 22, 2015
"In our research, plasma uses the energy stored in its electromagnetic fields to self-organize itself in such a way to reduce the energy-spread of the laser-plasma ion accelerator," said Sasikumar Palaniyappan of Los Alamos National Laboratory's Plasma Physics group. "In the past, most of the attempts to solve this problem required active plasma control, which is difficult."
Laser-plasma accelerators shoot a high-energy laser into a cloud of plasma, releasing a beam of ions, or electrically charged particles, in a fraction of the distance required by conventional accelerators. The laser generates electromagnetic fields in the plasma.
Using a computer simulation called Vector-Particle-In-Cell (VPIC), the Laboratory's team of physicists and computational scientists developed a scheme that enlists the electromagnetic fields so the beam essentially contains itself, reducing the energy spread, making the beam more efficient, and concentrating more energy on its target.
http://phys.org/news/2015-12-plasma-future-compact.html
----------------------
Researchers identify zebra-like stripes of plasma in a patch of space
July 14, 2015
Since the early 1970s,
orbiting satellites have picked up on noise-like plasma waves very close
to the Earth's magnetic field equator. This "equatorial noise," as it
was then named, seemed to be an unruly mess of electric and magnetic
fields oscillating at different frequencies in the form of plasma waves.
Now
a team from MIT, the University of California at Los Angeles, the
University of Sheffield, and elsewhere has detected a remarkably orderly
pattern amid the noise.
http://phys.org/news/2015-07-zebra-like-stripes-plasma-patch-space.html
----------------
In plasmonics, 'optical losses' could bring practical gain
January 26, 2016
What
researchers had thought of as a barrier to developing advanced
technologies based on the emerging field of plasmonics is now seen as a
potential pathway to practical applications in areas from cancer therapy
to nanomanufacturing.
Plasmonic materials contain
features, patterns or elements that enable unprecedented control of
light by harnessing clouds of electrons called surface plasmons. It
could allow the miniaturization of optical technologies, bringing
advances such as nano-resolution imaging and computer chips that process
and transmit data using light instead of electrons, representing a
potential leap in performance.
However, the development
of advanced optical technologies using plasmonics has been hampered
because components under development cause too much light to be lost and
converted into heat. But now researchers are finding that this
"loss-induced plasmonic heating" could be key to development of various
advanced technologies, said Vladimir M. Shalaev, co-director of the new
Purdue Quantum Center, scientific director of nanophotonics at the Birck
Nanotechnology Center in the university's Discovery Park and a
distinguished professor of electrical and computer engineering.
http://phys.org/news/2016-01-plasmonics-optical-losses-gain.html
--------------------
Making Quantum ‘Waves’ in Ultrathin Materials – Plasmons Could Power a New Class of Technologies
Study co-led by Berkeley Lab reveals how wavelike plasmons could power up a new class of sensing and photochemical technologies at the nanoscale.
Wavelike, collective oscillations of electrons known as “plasmons” are very important for determining the optical and electronic properties of metals.
In atomically thin 2D materials, plasmons have an energy that is more
useful for applications, including sensors and communication devices,
than plasmons found in bulk metals. But determining how long plasmons
live and whether their energy and other properties can be controlled at
the nanoscale (billionths of a meter) has eluded many.
https://scitechdaily.com/making-quantum-waves-in-ultrathin-materials-plasmons-could-power-a-new-class-of-technologies/
-
Plasma Gasification: Revolutionizing Waste Management
August 12, 2024
Plasma (“the fourth state of matter”) is an extremely high-temperature, highly ionized gas that is able to carry an electric current. Natural plasma includes lightning and gas at the surface of the sun, while man-made plasma is formed using a plasma torch to pass an electric current through a gas like oxygen. The reaction dissociates the gas into electrons and ions and increases its temperature to nearly as hot as the sun’s surface. This plasma can then be used for plasma gasification, a process that breaks waste down into basic chemicals.
Plasma gasification can turn “any kind of trash” into chemical products and clean fuels. Industry leader InEnTec was founded in 1995 to focus on governments and companies with large amounts of toxic waste. Their patented Plasma Enhanced Melter (PEM) system is deployed in 13 facilities worldwide. “Back in the early ’90s, global warming was more of an academic pursuit,” InEnTech co-founder, president, and CEO Jeffrey E. Surma told MIT News in 2021. With climate change a leading global challenge, his co-founder, Daniel R. Cohn, believes it is time for InEnTech to expand its impact.
“About 130 million tons of waste per year go into landfills in the U.S., and that produces at least 130 million tons of CO2-equivalent emissions,” Cohn argues. Most of these emissions are methane, a greenhouse gas that is 28 times more potent than carbon dioxide (CO2) and a global concern. The Global Methane Initiative (GMI) is an international public-private partnership focused on advancing methane mitigation in oil and gas, biogas, and coal mines. By utilizing plasma gasification and reducing or even eliminating landfills and other waste, the GMI could make significant advancements.
https://www.aii.org/plasma-gasification-revolutionizing-waste-management/
-
----------------------
----------------
----------------
Chapter 5: fusion
----------------
----------------
---------------------
Cold fusion reactor verified by third-party researchers, seems to have 1 million times the energy density of gasoline
October 9, 2014
Andrea Rossi’s E-Cat — the device that purports to use cold fusion to generate massive amounts of cheap, green energy — has been verified by third-party researchers, according to a new 54-page report. The researchers observed a small E-Cat over 32 days, where it produced net energy of 1.5 megawatt-hours, or “far more than can be obtained from any known chemical sources in the small reactor volume.” The researchers were also allowed to analyze the fuel before and after the 32-day run, noting that the isotopes in the spent fuel could only have been obtained by “nuclear reactions” — a conclusion that boggles the researchers: “… It is of course very hard to comprehend how these fusion processes can take place in the fuel compound at low energies.”
http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/191754-cold-fusion-reactor-verified-by-third-party-researchers-seems-to-have-1-million-times-the-energy-density-of-gasoline
--------------
Focus Fusion: The Fastest Route to Cheap, Clean Energy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhKB-VxJWpg
8:00 - Goldman Sachs funding
-----------------
Nuclear Fission vs. Nuclear Fusion
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Nuclear_Chemistry/Fission_and_Fusion/Nuclear_Fission_vs_Nuclear_Fusion
----------------
MIT Physicists Create Ultracold Molecules of 23Na40K
A team of physicists from MIT has successfully cooled molecules in a gas of sodium potassium (NaK) to a temperature of 500 nanokelvins, creating ultracold molecules.
The air around us is a chaotic superhighway of molecules whizzing through space and constantly colliding with each other at speeds of hundreds of miles per hour. Such erratic molecular behavior is normal at ambient temperatures.
But scientists have long suspected that if temperatures were to plunge to near absolute zero, molecules would come to a screeching halt, ceasing their individual chaotic motion and behaving as one collective body. This more orderly molecular behavior would begin to form very strange, exotic states of matter — states that have never been observed in the physical world.
Now experimental physicists at MIT have successfully cooled molecules in a gas of sodium potassium (NaK) to a temperature of 500 nanokelvins — just a hair above absolute zero, and over a million times colder than interstellar space. The researchers found that the ultracold molecules were relatively long-lived and stable, resisting reactive collisions with other molecules. The molecules also exhibited very strong dipole moments — strong imbalances in electric charge within molecules that mediate magnet-like forces between molecules over large distances.
-------
Cold Atom Laboratory Chills Atoms to New Lows
September 26, 2014
(Artist's concept of an atom chip for use by NASA's Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) aboard the International Space Station. CAL will use lasers to cool atoms to ultracold temperatures.Image Credit: NASA)
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4312
Cold Atom Laboratory
researchers used lasers to optically cool rubidium atoms to temperatures
almost a million times colder than that of the depths of space. The
atoms were then magnetically trapped, and radio waves were used to cool
the atoms 100 times lower. The radiofrequency radiation acts like a
knife, slicing away the hottest atoms from the trap so that only the
coldest remain.
The research is at the point where this process can reliably create a Bose-Einstein condensate in just seconds.
"This
was a tremendous accomplishment for the CAL team. It confirms the
fidelity of the instrument system design and provides us a facility to
perform science and hardware verifications before we get to the space
station," said CAL Project Manager Anita Sengupta of JPL.
While
so far, the Cold Atom Laboratory researchers have created Bose-Einstein
condensates with rubidium atoms, eventually they will also add in
potassium. The behavior of two condensates mixing together will be
fascinating for physicists to observe, especially in space.
Besides
merely creating Bose-Einstein condensates, CAL provides a suite of
tools to manipulate and probe these quantum gases in a variety of ways.
It has a unique role as a facility for the atomic, molecular and optical
physics community to study cold atomic physics in microgravity, said
David Aveline of JPL, CAL ground testbed lead.
----------------------
Molecules in the Spotlight
August 8, 2025
Molecules in the Spotlight: Snapshots Reveal the Eternal Dance of Particles
Frankfurt physicists observe coupled quantum zero-point motion of a molecule’s atoms
Researchers at Goethe University Frankfurt have, for the first time, directly visualized the so-called quantum zero-point motion in a larger molecule. This motion is exhibited by particles even at absolute zero temperature. In a collaborative experiment with the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, the University of Hamburg, the European XFEL, and other partners, they managed to make this “eternal dance” of the atoms visible. The discovery was made possible by the COLTRIMS reaction microscope developed in Frankfurt, which is capable of reconstructing molecular structures. The findings have now been published in the journal Science.
Most of us find it difficult to grasp the quantum world: According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, it’s like observing a dance without being able to see simultaneously exactly where someone is dancing and how fast they’re moving – you always must choose to focus on one. And yet, this quantum dance is far from chaotic; the dancers follow a strict choreography. In molecules, this strange behavior has another consequence: Even if a molecule should be completely frozen at absolute zero, it never truly comes to rest. The atoms it is made of perform a constant, never-ending quiet dance driven by so-called zero-point energy.
https://nanodigest.in/molecules-in-the-spotlight/
-
Wendelstein 7-X sets new performance records in fusion research
June 3, 2025
International efforts included a diagnostic and control system from the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
A new fusion
record
was set thanks to researchers in Germany and the U.S. The international
effort moves the world one step closer to a commercial fusion power
plant, which will need to run continuously at temperatures hotter than
the sun.
The record-breaking machine, known as the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), is a stellarator. This twisty fusion system confines plasma
using
external magnets so the nuclei of atoms fuse together and release
energy. W7-X is operated by the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics
(IPP) in Germany and has systems designed and built by the U.S.
Department of Energy’s (DOE) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL)
and Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(ORNL) with support from the Fusion Energy Sciences program in the DOE’s Office of Science.
“This
world record marks the highest performing sustained fusion experiment
that ran longer than 30 seconds, with record performance lasting for a
full 43 seconds,” said Novimir Pablant, the division head for
stellarator experiments at PPPL. Pablant said if they can reach this
record for 30 seconds, there’s every reason to believe these plasma
conditions could be sustained for weeks, months or even years because 30
seconds is long enough for the scientists to see the relevant physics
at work. “This experiment ran long enough that nothing is changing any
longer in terms of the plasma or experiment conditions.” However, there
are technical challenges still to extending this discharge to, say, 30
minutes or more, related to the reliability of technology.
https://www.pppl.gov/news/2025/wendelstein-7-x-sets-new-performance-records-fusion-research
-
Fusion Energy Breakthrough: 1938 Physics Revived | US Experiment
https://www.archyde.com/fusion-energy-breakthrough-1938-physics-revived-us-experiment/
-
A New 5D Model Cracks the Mystery of Mercury’s Bizarre Nuclear Fission
June 20, 2025
-
Plasma breakthrough: Scientists unlock magnetic secrets for stable nuclear fusion
Aug 09, 2025
Turbulence that starts at the particle level can directly change the large-scale equilibrium of a plasma system.
Researchers from South Korea have provided experimental proof of ‘multi-scale coupling’ in plasma. The study demonstrates how microscopic events can cause large-scale changes in this state of matter.
A challenge in plasma physics has been to understand multi-scale coupling, a process where particle-level turbulence scales up to affect the entire plasma system.
“Cross-scale coupling from magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) to non-MHD scales is important in interpreting observations of explosive events in nature,” said the researchers in a new study.
https://interestingengineering.com/energy/plasmas-secrets-unlocked-for-fusion-reactor
-
-
----------------
----------------
Chapter 6: Dark Energy
----------------
----------------
---------------------
-
Dark energy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy
In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is an unknown form of energy which is hypothesized to permeate all of space, tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe. Dark energy is the most accepted hypothesis to explain the observations since the 1990s indicating that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. Assuming that the standard model of cosmology is correct, the best current measurements indicate that dark energy contributes 68.3% of the total energy in the observable universe; the mass-energy of dark matter and ordinary matter contribute 26.8% and 4.9%, respectively; and other components such as neutrinos and photons contribute a very small amount. Again on a mass–energy equivalence basis, the density of dark energy (6.91 × 10−27 kg/m3) is very low, much less than the density of ordinary matter or dark matter within galaxies. However, it comes to dominate the mass–energy of the universe because it is uniform across space.
----------------------
Science Documentary - DARK MATTER / DARK ENERGY Full Universe documentary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7YCW8rfUDw
-------
A dark matter bridge in our cosmic neighborhood
July 14, 2015
By using the best available data to monitor galactic traffic in our neighborhood, Noam Libeskind from the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP) and his collaborators have built a detailed map of how nearby galaxies move. In it they have discovered a bridge of dark matter stretching from our Local Group all the way to the Virgo cluster—a huge mass of some 2,000 galaxies roughly 50 million light-years away, that is bound on either side by vast bubbles completely devoid of galaxies. This bridge and these voids help us understand a 40 year old problem regarding the curious distribution of dwarf galaxies.
http://phys.org/news/2015-07-dark-bridge-cosmic-neighborhood.html#jCp
------
Dark matter may not be completely dark at all
April 15, 2015
New
studies by astronomers are slowly throwing some light on dark matter,
the invisible and mysterious stuff that scientists believe makes up much
of the universe. For the first time, astronomers believe they've
observed the interactions of dark matter via a factor other than the
force of gravity.
Dark matter's gravitational
interactions with the parts of the universe that we can actually see are
the only reason that we know it exists at all. Weirdly, it has seemed
until now that dark matter has no other known interactions with anything
in the universe, including itself. A recent study seemed to back up the
notion that bits of dark matter appear to just drift through space, and
not even interact with each other.
However, new
observations of the simultaneous collision of four galaxies in the
galaxy cluster Abell 3827 – using the European Southern Observatory's
Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile and a technique called
"gravitational lensing" – seemed to show a "clump" of dark matter around
one of the galaxies, lagging a bit behind that galaxy.
This
sort of lollygagging is something that scientists have predicted might
be observable during collisions if dark matter were to interact with
itself through some force other than gravity, even slightly.
"We
used to think that dark matter just sits around, minding its own
business, except for its gravitational pull," said Richard Massey at
Durham University, lead author of a paper on the study. "But if dark
matter were being slowed down during this collision, it could be the
first evidence for rich physics in the dark sector – the hidden Universe
all around us."
http://www.gizmag.com/dark-matter-not-completely-dark/37013/
-----------
New model suggests dark matter is made of electrically charged particles
September 27, 2015
http://www.gizmag.com/stealth-dark-matter/39577/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
Scientists
at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) believe that dark
matter may be composed of electrically charged particles that are bound
by a yet-unknown force and have somehow managed to escape detection. The
theory could be verified with the help of the Large Hadron Collider
(LHC) particle accelerator.
Dark matter makes up over
80 percent of the mass in our universe, but we know little about its
nature. Astrophysicists know it must exist from its gravitational
effects on large clusters of galaxies, but they have been unable to spot
it because this elusive substance interacts weakly with both ordinary
matter and itself. In fact, so little is known about dark matter that
scientists are still speculating as to what it's even made of.
Through
a combination of computer simulations and theoretical results,
researchers Pavlos Vranas and colleagues have now developed a "stealth
dark matter" model that could help unravel the mystery of why dark
matter behaves like it does, what particles make it up, and what force
binds them. Crucially, the model offers assumptions that physicists
should be able to test using CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) particle
accelerator.
--------------
Dark matter hiding in stars may cause observable oscillations
September 18, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-09-dark-stars-oscillations.html#jCp
(Phys.org)—Dark
matter has never been seen directly, but scientists know that something
massive is out there due to its gravitational effects on visible
matter. One explanation for how such a large amount of mass appears to
be right in front of our eyes yet completely invisible by conventional
means is that the dark matter is hiding in the centers of stars.
In
a new study, physicists have investigated the possibility that large
amounts of hidden mass inside stars might be composed of extremely
lightweight hypothetical particles called axions, which are a primary
dark matter candidate. The scientists, Richard Brito at the University
of Lisbon in Portugal; Vitor Cardoso at the University of Lisbon and the
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada; and Hirotada Okawa at Kyoto University and Waseda University,
both in Japan, have published their paper on dark matter in stars in a
recent issue of Physical Review Letters.
------------
Milky Way's black hole shows signs of increased chatter
September 23, 2015
Three
orbiting X-ray space telescopes have detected an increased rate of
X-ray flares from the usually quiet giant black hole at the center of
our Milky Way galaxy after new long-term monitoring. Scientists are
trying to learn whether this is normal behavior that was unnoticed due
to limited monitoring, or these flares are triggered by the recent close
passage of a mysterious, dusty object.
http://phys.org/news/2015-09-milky-black-hole-chatter.html#jCp
-------------
Scalar field dark matter
The universe may be accelerating, fueled perhaps by a cosmological constant or some other field possessing long range ‘repulsive’ effects. A model must predict the correct form for the large scale clustering spectrum, account for cosmic microwave background anisotropies on large and intermediate angular scales, and provide agreement with the luminosity distance relation obtained from observations of high redshift supernovae. The modeled evolution of the Universe includes a large amount of unknown matter in order to agree with such observations. This matter has two components cold dark matter and dark energy. Each contributes to the theory of the origination of galaxies and the expansion of the Universe. The Universe must have a critical density, a density not explained by baryonic matter (ordinary matter) alone.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_field_dark_matter
------------------
PHYSICS
Neutrinos understood
Neutrinos—ghostly particles—change identity as they move through space. The three types or flavour of neutrinos—electron, muon and tau—morph into each other through a phenomenon called oscillation. Just like white light composed of red, green and blue shifts its tint as the proportions of each colour change, the type of a neutrino changes as their masses oscillate. Two of these oscillations have been quantified. Now, researchers have characterised the third one. The measurement makes possible new experiments that may help explain why the present universe is filled mostly with matter, and not equal parts of matter and antimatter as postulated by the Big Bang theory.
http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/science-and-technology-briefs-27
-----------------
Lambda-CDM model
The ΛCDM (Lambda cold dark matter) or Lambda-CDM model is a parametrization of the Big Bang cosmological model in which the Universe contains a cosmological constant, denoted by Lambda (Greek Λ), associated with dark energy, and cold dark matter (abbreviated CDM). It is frequently referred to as the standard model of Big Bang cosmology, since it is the simplest model that provides a reasonably good account of the following properties of the cosmos:
- the existence and structure of the cosmic microwave background
- the large-scale structure in the distribution of galaxies
- the abundances of hydrogen (including deuterium), helium, and lithium
- the accelerating expansion of the universe observed in the light from distant galaxies and supernovae
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model
--------------
NASA simulation suggests black holes may make ideal dark matter labs
Jun 23, 2015
(The image layers multiple frames from the visualization to increase the number of dark matter particles. The particles are shown as gray spheres attached to shaded trails representing their motion. Redder trails indicate particles more strongly affected by the black hole's gravitation and closer to its event horizon (black sphere at center, mostly hidden by trails). The ergosphere, where all matter and light must follow the black hole's spin, is shown in teal. Credit: NASA Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio)
The image layers multiple frames from the visualization to increase the number of dark matter particles. The particles are shown as gray spheres attached to shaded trails representing their motion. Redder trails indicate particles more strongly affected by the black hole's gravitation and closer to its event horizon (black sphere at center, mostly hidden by trails). The ergosphere, where all matter and light must follow the black hole's spin, is shown in teal. Credit: NASA Goddard Scientific Visualization StudioA new NASA computer simulation shows that dark matter particles colliding in the extreme gravity of a black hole can produce strong, potentially observable gamma-ray light. Detecting this emission would provide astronomers with a new tool for understanding both black holes and the nature of dark matter, an elusive substance accounting for most of the mass of the universe that neither reflects, absorbs nor emits light.
http://phys.org/news/2015-06-nasa-simulation-black-holes-ideal.html
----------
From MACHOs to WIMPs—meet the top five candidates for 'dark matter'
December 15, 2015
When we look out at the universe – even with the most powerful of telescopes – we can only see a fraction of the matter we know must be there. In fact, for every gram's worth of atoms in the universe, there is at least five times more invisible material called "dark matter". So far scientists have failed to detect it, despite spending decades searching.
The reason we know it exists is because of the gravitational pull of galaxy clusters and other phenomena we observe. The matter we can see in a cluster isn't enough to hold it together by gravity alone, meaning some additional invisible or obscure matter must be present. But we have no idea what it is – it could be made up of new, yet undiscovered particles.
There are four fundamental forces that a dark matter particle could interact with. There is the strong force that binds together the atomic nucleus; the weak force which governs the decay of particles such as radioactivity; an electromagnetic force that mediates the force between charged particles; and the gravitational force which governs gravitational interaction. To observe matter in space we need it to interact via the electromagnetic force, as this involves the release of light or other electromagnetic radiation that a telescope can register.
http://phys.org/news/2015-12-machos-wimpsmeet-candidates-dark.html
----------------
The XENON Dark Matter Project
The XENON100 experiment has recently released results from the last run
(2011-2012). These data were acquired over 224.6 days within a fiducial
volume containing 34 kg of liquid xenon and with an ultra low
electromagnetic background. After unblinding the region of interest, two
events were observed, consistent with the total background expectation
of (1.0 ± 0.2) events.
A Profile Likelihood analysis of these data leads to the upper limit on
the spin independent elastic WIMP-nucleon scattering cross section ( σSI), with a minimum of 2x 10-45 cm2 at 55 GeV/c2 and 90% confidence level,
which are shown in the picture on the left, and
corresponds to the present best experimental upper limit set on σSI.
For comparison, the results from a selection of other experiments are
also shown along with the most likely parameter space for a positive
detection as predicted by the Constrained Minimal Supersymmetric
Extension of the Standard Model (cMSSM) and in accordance with the
latests results from the LHC.
The most recent status of XENON100 can be found in Presentations.
http://xenon.astro.columbia.edu/XENON100_Experiment/
--------------------
Powerful magnets could unlock detection of high-frequency gravitational waves
June 28, 2025
New research published in Physical Review Letters
suggests that superconducting magnets used in dark matter detection
experiments could function as highly precise gravitational wave
detectors, thereby establishing an entirely new frequency band for
observing these cosmic ripples.
https://phys.org/news/2025-06-powerful-magnets-high-frequency-gravitational.html
-
National Geographic Documentary - Mysteries Of The Black Hole - The Planet Eater [Documentary 2015]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBQj4OvskZ8
--------------
New law implies thermodynamic time runs backwards inside black holes
September 3, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-09-law-implies-thermodynamic-black-holes.html
-----------
National Geographic Documentary 2015 || Is There an Edge to the Universe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TM8XNhr0ap8
----------
For more information on dark energy, view the chapter "Antimatter."
---------
Inexplicable signal provides tantalising clue about dark matter
October 16, 2014
Space scientists at the University of Leicester have detected a curious signal in the X-ray sky – one that provides a tantalising insight into the nature of mysterious Dark Matter.
The Leicester team has found what appears to be a signature of 'axions', predicted 'Dark Matter' particle candidates – something that has been a puzzle to science for years.
In a study being published on Monday 20 October in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, the University of Leicester scientists describe their finding of a signal which has no conventional explanation.
As first author Professor George Fraser, who sadly died in March of this year, wrote: "The direct detection of dark matter has preoccupied physics for over thirty years." Dark Matter, a kind of invisible mass of unknown origin, cannot be seen directly with telescopes, but is instead inferred from its gravitational effects on ordinary matter and on light. Dark Matter is believed to make up 85% of the matter of the Universe.
"The X-ray background - the sky, after the bright X-ray sources are removed - appears to be unchanged whenever you look at it," explained Dr. Andy Read, also from the University of Leicester Department of Physics and Astronomy and now leading the paper. "However, we have discovered a seasonal signal in this X-ray background, which has no conventional explanation, but is consistent with the discovery of axions."
This result was found through an extensive study of almost the entire archive of data from the European Space Agency's X-ray observatory, XMM-Newton, which will celebrate its 15th year in orbit this December. Previous searches for axions, notably at CERN, and with other spacecraft in Earth orbit, have so far proved unsuccessful.
As Professor Fraser explains in the paper: "It appears plausible that axions – Dark Matter particle candidates - are indeed produced in the core of the Sun and do indeed convert to X-rays in the magnetic field of the Earth." It is predicted that the X-ray signal due to axions will be greatest when looking through the sunward side of the magnetic field because this is where the field is strongest.
Dr. Read concludes: "These exciting discoveries, in George's final paper, could be truly ground-breaking, potentially opening a window to new physics, and could have huge implications, not only for our understanding of the true X-ray sky, but also for identifying the Dark Matter that dominates the mass content of the cosmos."
President of the Royal Astronomical Society Professor Martin Barstow, who is Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Head of the College of Science & Engineering and Professor of Astrophysics & Space Science at the University of Leicester said: "This is an amazing result. If confirmed, it will be first direct detection and identification of the elusive dark matter particles and will have a fundamental impact on our theories of the Universe."
http://phys.org/news/2014-10-inexplicable-tantalising-clue-dark.html#jCp
------
Dark 'noodles' may lurk in the Milky Way
January 21, 2016
http://phys.org/news/2016-01-dark-noodles-lurk-milky.html?utm_source=menu&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=item-menu
---------------------
Study finds possible alternative explanation for dark energy
December 30, 2014
http://phys.org/news/2014-12-alternative-explanation-dark-energy.html
-
Quantum Computing Breakthrough: Exotic Quantum Particles – Less Magnetic Field Required
A team of researchers from TU Delft managed to design one of the world’s
most precise microchip sensors; the device can function at room
temperature – a ‘holy grail’ for quantum technologies and sensing.
Combining nanotechnology and machine learning inspired by nature’s
spiderwebs, they were able to make a nanomechanical sensor vibrate in
extreme isolation from everyday noise. This breakthrough, published in
Advanced Materials’ Rising Stars Issue, has large implications for the
study of gravity and dark matter, as well as the fields of quantum
internet, navigation and sensing.
https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-computing-breakthrough-exotic-quantum-particles-less-magnetic-field-required/
-
Harvard Scientists Control “Points of Darkness” for Remote Sensing and Covert Detection Applications
Two studies report new methods for using metasurfaces to create and control dark areas called “optical singularities.”
Optical devices and materials allow scientists and engineers to harness light for research and real-world applications, like sensing and microscopy. Federico Capasso’s group at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering Applied Sciences (SEAS) has dedicated years to inventing more powerful and sophisticated optical methods and tools. Now, his team has developed new techniques to exert control over points of darkness, rather than light, using metasurfaces.
“Dark regions in electromagnetic fields, or optical singularities, have traditionally posed a challenge due to their complex structures and the difficulty in shaping and sculpting them. These singularities, however, carry the potential for groundbreaking applications in fields such as remote sensing and precision measurement,” said Capasso, the Robert L. Wallace Professor of Applied Physics and Vinton Hayes Senior Research Fellow in Electrical Engineering at SEAS and senior corresponding author on two new papers describing the work.
A magnetically levitated particle enables researchers to search for ultralight dark matter
June 25, 2025
https://phys.org/news/2025-06-magnetically-levitated-particle-enables-ultralight.html
-
-------------------
-------------------
----------------
----------------
Chapter 7: Batteries & energy storage
----------------
----------------
---------------------
The
following chapter will detail some of the new technology that has been
introduced in battery technology, including energy storage.
------------
Wood nanobattery could be green option for large-scale energy storage
July 6, 2013
(A closeup of the wood fibers used by the researchers in their sodium-ion battery (Image: University of Maryland)
Li-ion batteries may be ok for your smartphone, but when it comes to large-scale energy storage, the priorities suddenly shift from compactness and cycling performance (at which Li-ion batteries excel) to low cost and environmental feasibility (in which Li-ion batteries still have much room for improvement). A new "wood battery" could allow the emerging sodium-ion battery technology to fit the bill as a long-lasting, efficient and environmentally friendly battery for large-scale energy storage.
http://www.gizmag.com/wood-battery-energy-storage/28032/
---------
Researchers uncover how magnesium boosts solid-state battery safety and longevity
June 5, 2025
https://www.lifetechnology.com/blogs/life-technology-technology-news/researchers-uncover-how-magnesium-boosts-solid-state-battery-safety-and-longevity
-
Trees are source for high-capacity, soft batteries
Jun 01, 2015
( A closeup of the soft battery, created with wood pulp nanocellulose.)
A method for making elastic high-capacity batteries from wood pulp was unveiled by researchers in Sweden and the US. Using nanocellulose broken down from tree fibres, a team from KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stanford University produced an elastic, foam-like battery material that can withstand shock and stress.
"It is possible to make incredible materials from trees and cellulose," says Max Hamedi, who is a researcher at KTH and Harvard University. One benefit of the new wood-based aerogel material is that it can be used for three-dimensional structures.
"There are limits to how thin a battery can be, but that becomes less relevant in 3D, " Hamedi says. "We are no longer restricted to two dimensions. We can build in three dimensions, enabling us to fit more electronics in a smaller space."
-------------------------
Biodegradable computer chips made almost entirely from wood
May 28, 2015
http://www.gizmag.com/biodegradable-wooden-computer-chips/37755/
--------------------
You'll never be-leaf what makes up this battery
January 28, 2016
Scientists at the University of Maryland have a new recipe for batteries: Bake a leaf, and add sodium. They used a carbonized oak leaf, pumped full of sodium, as a demonstration battery's negative terminal, or anode, according to a paper published yesterday in the journal ACS Applied Materials Interfaces.--------------------
Making batteries with portabella mushrooms
2015
Porous structure of portabella mushrooms is key to making efficient batteries that could power cell phones, electric vehicles
Can portabella mushrooms stop cell phone batteries from degrading over time? Researchers think so. They have created a new type of lithium-ion battery anode using portabella mushrooms, which are inexpensive, environmentally friendly and easy to produce.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150929142522.htm
---------------
MIT’s photonic crystals lead towards nuclear batteries everywhere
February 3, 2012
Researchers at MIT have
developed photonic crystals that, in as little as two years, could
enable the use of hydrocarbon reactors in portable electronic devices,
and nuclear power sources everywhere else.
Photonic crystals are
optical nanostructures that are tuned to specific wavelengths of light.
If you understand how semiconductors affect the motion of electrons
(i.e. the bandgap only allows electrons with a certain energy level to
pass through), photonic crystals are the optical equivalent. In this
case, MIT has created infrared-absorbing photonic crystals using metals
such as tungsten and titanium. Because of their metallic roots, these
photonic crystals can operate at temperatures up to 1200C (2192F).
http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/116853-mits-photonic-crystals-lead-towards-a-nuclear-reactor-in-every-gadget
-------
Tin nanocrystals for the battery of the future
(Monodisperse tin nanodroplets in an electron microscopic image.)
More powerful batteries could help electric cars achieve a considerably larger range and thus a breakthrough on the market. A new nanomaterial for lithium ion batteries developed in the labs of chemists at ETH Zurich and Empa could come into play here.
http://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/archive_articles/130408_li_ionen_fb/index_EN
--------------
New "Spin Battery" Storing Energy into Nano-Magnets
2009
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/2009/03/12/spin-battery-magnetic-energy-storage/#.UmNYqRDNkmw
-------------
Graphene Charges Atmosphere with Battery Running on Thin Air
December 20, 2014
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/graphene-charges-atmosphere-battery-running-thin-air-20141220/#.VSFkGeG-2zk
--------------------
‘Power Paper’ – Story Of A Paper That Can Store Electricity
December 12, 2015
Power Paper, created by the researchers of Sweden’s Linköping University, is showing an outstanding ability in storing energy, which can later be used to recharge devices.
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/power-paper-store-electricity/
-----------------
From allergens to anodes: Pollen derived battery electrodes
February 5, 2016
Pollens, the bane of allergy sufferers, could represent a boon for battery makers: Recent research has suggested their potential use as anodes in lithium-ion batteries.
"Our findings have demonstrated that renewable pollens could produce carbon architectures for anode applications in energy storage devices," said Vilas Pol, an associate professor in the School of Chemical Engineering and the School of Materials Engineering at Purdue University.
Batteries have two electrodes, called an anode and a cathode. The anodes in most of today's lithium-ion batteries are made of graphite. Lithium ions are contained in a liquid called an electrolyte, and these ions are stored in the anode during recharging.
The researchers tested bee pollen- and cattail pollen-derived carbons as anodes.
"Both are abundantly available," said Pol, who worked with doctoral student Jialiang Tang. "The bottom line here is we want to learn something from nature that could be useful in creating better batteries with renewable feedstock."
Research findings are detailed in a paper that appeared on Feb. 5 in Nature's Scientific Reports.
Whereas bee pollen is a mixture of different pollen types collected by honey bees, the cattail pollens all have the same shape.
"I started looking into pollens when my mom told me she had developed pollen allergy symptoms about two years ago," Tang said. "I was fascinated by the beauty and diversity of pollen microstructures. But the idea of using them as battery anodes did not really kick in until I started working on battery research and learned more about carbonization of biomass."
The researchers processed the pollen under high temperatures in a chamber containing argon gas using a procedure called pyrolysis, yielding pure carbon in the original shape of the pollen particles. They were further processed, or "activated," by heating at lower temperature - about 300 degrees Celsius - in the presence of oxygen, forming pores in the carbon structures to increase their energy-storage capacity.
http://phys.org/news/2016-02-allergens-anodes-pollen-derived-battery.html?utm_source=menu&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=item-menu
-------------
New alloy claimed to have higher strength-to-weight ratio than any other metal
December 11, 2014
When it comes to metal that's being used in the automotive or
aerospace industries, the higher its strength-to-weight ratio, the
better. With that in mind, researchers from North Carolina State
University and Qatar University have developed a new alloy that
reportedly has a low density similar to that of aluminum, but that's
stronger than titanium.
The material is a type of high-entropy alloy, meaning
that it's made up of at least five metals in more or less equal
amounts. In this case, those metals are lithium, magnesium, titanium,
aluminum and scandium.
"It has a combination of high strength and low
density that is, as far as we can tell, unmatched by any other metallic
material," said NCSU's Dr. Carl Koch, senior author of a paper on the
research. "The strength-to-weight ratio is comparable to some ceramics,
but we think it’s tougher – less brittle – than ceramics."
He additionally informed us that while carbon fiber
very likely has a higher strength-to-weight ratio than the alloy, it
also wouldn't be as tough – in other words, the alloy would be more
likely to bend under an amount of stress that would cause the carbon to
fracture.
More work still has to be done in the testing of the
alloy, along with establishing a practical production method. Koch and
his colleagues are also looking into replacing or eliminating the
scandium that makes up 20 percent of the material, as it's very
expensive.
http://www.gizmag.com/high-entropy-alloy-strength-to-weight/35170/
---------------
Graphene-Boron Compound Could Revolutionize Lithium-Ion Battery Capacity
May 28, 2013
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/graphene-boron-compound-could-revolutionize-lithium-ion-battery-capacity-20130528/#.VSFr-eG-2zk
While pure graphene didn’t seem to be a good option, researchers turned to imperfect graphene, that is, carbon mixed with other elements. Testing with boron, researchers at Rice University found the material to be about twice that of the standard graphite currently used in lithium-ion batteries. The new material is also more stable and doesn’t expand and contract as much as graphite alone.
------------------
CALMAC Stores Surplus Wind Energy in Ice Banks
November 25, 2009
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/calmac-stores-surplus-wind-energy-in-ice-banks-20091125/#.VSF_W-G-2zk
-------------------------------
Utah-Based Company Digging Underground Compressed Air Batteries
February 9, 2010
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/utah-underground-energy-storage-20100209/#.VSHcl-G-2zk
---------------------
An All-Liquid Battery For Storing Solar And Wind Energy
(This room-temperature liquid battery was made with mercury, salt water, and steel foam. High temperature liquid batteries could one day efficiently store solar and wind energy.)
---------------
Liquified Air Could Be Cheaper Energy Storage Than Batteries
May 20, 2013
The idea is a couple of hundred years old, but liquified air technology was just too inefficient to store energy.
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/liquified-air-could-be-cheaper-energy-storage-than-batteries-20130520/
-----------------
Scientists convert harmful algal blooms into high-performance battery electrodes
October 9, 2015
Last August, the seasonal harmful algal blooms (HABs) in Lake Erie grew
so extreme that they poisoned the water system in Toledo, Ohio, leaving
nearly half a million residents without drinking water. But a few
researchers at the time collected some of the toxic HABs, and have now
shown that, by heating them at temperatures of 700-1000 °C in argon gas,
the HABs can be converted into a material called "hard carbon" that can
be used as high-capacity, low-cost electrodes for sodium-ion (Na-ion)
batteries.
http://techxplore.com/news/2015-10-scientists-algal-blooms-high-performance-battery.html
----------------
Semiliquid battery competitive with both Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors
May 22, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-05-semiliquid-battery-competitive-li-ion-batteries.html?utm_source=menu&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=item-menu
(Phys.org)—A new semiliquid battery developed by researchers at The University of Texas at Austin has exhibited encouraging early results, encompassing many of the features desired in a state-of-the-art energy-storage device. In particular, the new battery has a working voltage similar to that of a lithium-ion battery, a power density comparable to that of a supercapacitor, and it can maintain its good performance even when being charged and discharged at very high rates.
The researchers, led by Assistant Professor Guihua Yu, along with Yu Ding and Yu Zhao, at UT Austin, have published their paper on the new membrane-free, semiliquid battery in a recent issue of Nano Letters. The researchers explain that the battery is considered "semiliquid" because it uses a liquid ferrocene electrolyte, a liquid cathode, and a solid lithium anode.
-------------------------------
Flexible and Safe Aluminum-Graphite Battery Charges in One Minute
April 8, 2015
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/aluminum-graphite-battery/#.VSX0dZO-2zk
--------------------
"Origami battery" made from paper and dirty water for just a few cents
June 13, 2015
A foldable, inexpensive paper battery that can generate a small amount
of electricity brings a new sense of power to origami, the Japanese art
of paper folding. An engineer at Binghamton University in New York has
developed a battery that creates power through the process of microbial
respiration in a drop of dirty water on paper.
http://www.gizmag.com/origami-battery-bacteria/37970/
---------------
Nano-mechanical study offers new assessment of silicon for next-gen batteries
September 24, 2015
A
detailed nano-mechanical study of mechanical degradation processes in
silicon structures containing varying levels of lithium ions offers good
news for researchers attempting to develop reliable next-generation
rechargeable batteries using silicon-based electrodes.
http://phys.org/news/2015-09-nano-mechanical-silicon-next-gen-batteries.html#jCp
-----------------------------
Clay sheets stack to form proton conductors
July 13, 2015
(This is a scanning electron microscopy image of stacked clay sheets. When two-dimensional sheets of the clay, called vermiculite, are exfoliated in water, they carry negative charges, attracting positively charged protons. After the sheets dry, they self-assemble into paper-like films. The near 1-nanometer spacing between the layers serves as the nanochannels that can concentrate protons for conduction. Credit: Jiaxing Huang )
http://phys.org/news/2015-07-clay-sheets-stack-proton-conductors.html?utm_source=menu&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=item-menu
---------------------
Stronger together: Interlocked electrodes push silicon battery lifespan beyond limits
28-May-2025
In
practical terms, this means electric vehicles can travel farther and
smartphones can operate longer using the same-sized battery
https://www.chemeurope.com/en/news/1186362/stronger-together-interlocked-electrodes-push-silicon-battery-lifespan-beyond-limits.html
-
New Dry Electrode Tech Doubles Battery Performance For Renewable Energy Storage
June 23, 2025
https://impactful.ninja/new-dry-electrode-tech-doubles-battery-performance-for-renewable-energy-storage/
-
-
Williams demonstrates sodium-ion-powered proof-of-concept e-bike
May 15, 2015
http://www.gizmag.com/williams-demonstrates-sodium-ion-powered-proof-of-concept-e-bike/37537/
--------------------------
Silicon anode structure generates new potential for lithium-ion batteries
Scientists reveal a new nanostructure that could revolutionize technology in batteries and beyond.
Enhancing Sodium-Ion Batteries with New Electrolyte Formulation
Mar 17, 2025
-
Dry-Powder Breakthrough Boosts Stability and Sustainability of Sodium-Ion Batteries
August 5, 2025
-
Chemists discover key reaction mechanism behind the highly touted sodium-oxygen battery
May 27, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-05-chemists-key-reaction-mechanism-highly.html#jCp
---------------
Candle soot could reduce lithium ion battery production costs
October 15, 2015
A new study suggests that the carbon-based waste material given off by
burning candles could be suitable for use in larger, more powerful
lithium ion batteries such as those used in electric cars. Two
researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology found that as an
anode material, candle soot compares favorably to existing commercial
options because of its low cost of production and fractal-like
nanoparticle structure.
http://www.gizmag.com/candle-soot-lithium-ion-battery/39881/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
--------
High-voltage lithium-ion battery realized with superconcentrated electrolyte
July 26, 2016
https://techxplore.com/news/2016-07-high-voltage-lithium-ion-battery-superconcentrated-electrolyte.html
---------------
New lithium-oxygen battery greatly improves energy efficiency, longevity
July 25, 2016
http://phys.org/news/2016-07-lithium-oxygen-battery-greatly-energy-efficiency.html
---------
Advances in lithium-ion battery recycling: Strategies, pathways, and technologies
2025
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772571524000317
-
New Cathode Design Significantly Improves Performance of Next-Generation Battery
-
Chinese ‘switch’ extends lithium battery life by 20,000 cycles with new design
Aug 01, 2024
Innovation unlocks commercialization potential of solid-state lithium batteries to overcome energy storage hurdles.
Researchers at the Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology (QIBEBT) in China have innovated a modification to the cathode for all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASLB), significantly improving their energy density and life cycle.
According to an organizational press release, the research paves the way for the next generation of high-performance batteries.
In our attempts to move away from fossil fuels and electrify modes of transport, batteries are an important component. Although batteries have been around for centuries, it is only with lithium-ion batteries that we have managed the highest energy densities so far.
https://interestingengineering.com/energy/solid-state-lithium-batteries-cathode-china
-
Improving Lithium-Ion Battery Performance, Cell Lifetime for Renewable Energy Applications
Improved Advanced Energy Storage Using New Nano-Engineering Strategy
New types of cathodes, suitable for advanced energy storage, can be developed using beyond-lithium ion batteries.
The rapid development of renewable energy resources has triggered tremendous demands in large-scale, cost-efficient, and high-energy-density stationary energy storage systems.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have many advantages but there are much more abundant metallic elements available such as sodium, potassium, zinc, and aluminum.
These elements have similar chemistries to lithium and have recently been extensively investigated, including sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), and aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs). Despite promising aspects relating to redox potential and energy density, the development of these beyond-LIBs has been impeded by the lack of suitable electrode materials.
New research led by Professor Guoxiu Wang from the University of Technology Sydney, and published in Nature Communications, describes a strategy using interface strain engineering in a 2D graphene nanomaterial to produce a new type of cathode. Strain engineering is the process of tuning a material’s properties by altering its mechanical or structural attributes.
https://scitechdaily.com/improved-advanced-energy-storage-using-new-nano-engineering-strategy/
-
New Technique Reveals 3D Nanoscale Chemical Reactions Inside Batteries
Researchers in the College of Illinois at Chicago and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory allow us a brand new technique that allows them to target the location of chemical reactions happening inside lithium-ion batteries in 3d in the nanoscale level. Their answers are printed within the journal Nature Communications...
From beam to battery: Single-step laser printing supercharges high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries
April 23, 2025
A
research team has developed an innovative single-step laser printing
technique to accelerate the manufacturing of lithium-sulfur batteries.
Integrating the commonly time-consuming active materials synthesis and
cathode preparation in a nanosecond-scale laser-induced conversion
process, this technique is set to revolutionize the future industrial
production of printable electrochemical energy storage devices.
Lithium-sulfur
batteries are expected to supersede existing lithium-ion batteries due
to sulfur cathodes' high theoretical energy density. To ensure the rapid
conversion of sulfur species, these cathodes are typically composed of
active materials, host materials (or catalysts), and conductive
materials. However, the fabrication of host materials and preparation of
sulfur cathodes often involve complicated, multistep, and
labor-intensive processes that require varying temperatures and
conditions, raising concerns about efficiency and cost in industrial
production.
To overcome these challenges, Prof. Li's team
developed a novel single-step laser printing technique for the rapid
manufacturing of integrated sulfur cathodes. During this high-throughput
laser-pulse irradiation process, the precursor donor is activated,
producing jetting particles that include in-situ synthesized
halloysite-based hybrid nanotubes (host material), sulfur species
(active material), and glucose-derived porous carbon (conductive
component). The mixture is printed onto a carbon fabric acceptor,
forming an integrated sulfur cathode. Notably, the laser-printed sulfur
cathodes demonstrate outstanding performance in both coin and pouch
lithium-sulfur cells.
"Traditional manufacturing processes of a
cathode/anode in ion battery usually contain the synthesis of active
materials (sometimes combined with host material/ catalyst), the
preparation of mixture slurry, and the assembly of cathode/anode. Prof.
Li explained, "These steps are usually carried out separately under
different temperatures and conditions because the materials behave
differently. As a result, the whole process can take tens of hours or
even several days."
Prof. Li said, "Our newly developed
laser-induced conversion technology offers a way to combine these
processes into a single step at nanosecond speeds. The printing speed
can achieve about 2 cm2/minute using only a single beam laser. A 75 × 45
mm2 sulfur cathode can be printed within 20 minutes and supply power
for a small screen for several hours when assembled into a
lithium-sulfur pouch cell."
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/04/250423112140.htm
-
-
Sulfur-based polymers open door to a new class of battery
April 19, 2013
http://www.gizmag.com/sulfur-polymer-batteries/27117/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
Whether sulfur is a by-product or a waste product of oil refinement and
coal combustion depends on how you slice it. Certainly, much of that
sulfur can be put to use producing sulfuric acid, fertilizer and other
chemicals, but some is left to accumulate on stockpiles which are
expensive to maintain (due to the need to neutralize acidic run-off).
Researchers at the University of Arizona think more of that sulfur could
one day be put to use thanks to a new chemical process that uses sulfur
to make polymers. The new material could lead to a new generation of
lighter, more efficient lithium-sulfur batteries, the researchers claim.
------------
CaO makes the graphene hierarchy for high-power lithium-sulfur batteries
January 26, 2016
Structural hierarchy is the cornerstone of the biological world, as well as the most important lesson that we have learned from nature to develop ingenious hierarchical porous materials for various applications in energy conversion and storage. Recently, a research group from China, led by Prof. Qiang Zhang in Tsinghua University, has developed a novel kind of hierarchical porous graphene (HPG) via a versatile chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on CaO templates for high-power lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. This work is published in the journal Advanced Functional Materials.
http://phys.org/news/2016-01-cao-graphene-hierarchy-high-power-lithium-sulfur.html
--------
New LithiumSulfur Battery Promises 5 Times More Capacity
October 23, 2023
https://www.electronicsforu.com/news/new-lithiumsulfur-battery-promises-5-times-more-capacity
-
Rapid lithium extraction eliminates use of acid and high heat, scientists report
30-Apr-2025
https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1082372
-
Metal fatigue in anodes identified as key cause of solid-state lithium battery degradation
May 2, 2025
https://batteriesnews.com/metal-fatigue-in-anodes-identified-as-key-cause-of-solid-state-lithium-battery-degradation/
-
Carbon Nanotubes Store Triple the Energy of Lithium Batteries
December 20, 2024
https://batteriesnews.com/carbon-nanotubes-store-triple-the-energy-of-lithium-batteries/
-
New fuel cell could enable electric aviation
May 27, 2025
Engineers developed a fuel cell that offers more than three times as much energy per pound compared to lithium-ion batteries. Powered by a reaction between sodium metal and air, the device could be lightweight enough to enable the electrification of airplanes, trucks, or ships.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/05/250527124115.htm
-
-
How can we optimize solid-state batteries? Try asking AI
May 4 2025
https://lifeboat.com/blog/2025/05/how-can-we-optimize-solid-state-batteries-try-asking-ai
-
Operando setup enables visualization of battery aging processes during charging cycles
April 29, 2025
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-operando-setup-enables-visualization-battery.html
-
Redox flow battery achieves energy efficiency of 87.9% and longer cycling life with new catalytic electrode
April 2, 2025
A
team of materials scientists, chemical engineers, and environmental
scientists affiliated with a host of institutions in China has developed
a redox flow battery (RFB) with 87.9% energy efficiency, which can also
last for 850 cycles. In their project, published in the journal Nature
Communications, the group developed a new kind of catalytic electrode to
improve the efficiency of the battery.
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-04-redox-battery-energy-efficiency-longer.html
-
Charging electric vehicles 5x faster in subfreezing temps
April 4, 2025
https://news.engin.umich.edu/2025/04/charging-electric-vehicles-5x-faster-in-subfreezing-temps/
-
Electric vehicles could travel farther on a single charge thanks to new discovery
March 4, 2025
https://news.fiu.edu/2025/electric-vehicles-could-travel-farther-on-a-single-charge-thanks-to-new-discovery
-
Two new families of PFAS-free solvents for next-generation batteries
March 28, 2025
https://batteriesnews.com/two-new-families-of-pfas-free-solvents-for-next-generation-batteries/
-
Taking the 'forever' out of 'forever chemicals': Scientists work out how to destroy the PFAS in batteries
February 7, 2025
Lithium-ion
batteries are part of everyday life. They power small rechargeable
devices such as mobile phones and laptops. They enable electric
vehicles. And larger versions store excess renewable energy for later
use, supporting the clean energy transition.
Australia produces
more than 3,000 metric tons of lithium-ion battery waste a year.
Managing this waste is a technical, economic and social challenge.
Opportunities exist for recycling and creating a circular economy for
batteries. But they come with risk.
That's because lithium-ion
batteries contain manufactured chemicals such as PFAS, or per- and
polyfluoroalkyl substances. The chemicals carry the lithium—along with
electricity—through the battery. If released into the environment, they
can linger for decades and likely longer. This is why they've been
dubbed "forever chemicals".
Recently, scientists identified a new
type of PFAS known as bis-FASIs (short for bis-perfluoroalkyl
sulfonimides) in lithium-ion batteries and in the environment. Bis-FASIs
have since been detected in soils and waters worldwide. They are
toxic—just one drop in an Olympic-size swimming pool can harm the
nervous system of animals. Scientists don't know much about possible
effects on humans yet.
Bis-FASIs in lithium-ion batteries present
a major obstacle to recycling or disposing of batteries safely.
Fortunately, we may have come up with a way to fix this.
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-02-chemicals-scientists-destroy-pfas-batteries.html
-
New battery made of molten metals may offer low-cost, long-lasting storage for the grid
January 13, 2016
As
their first combination, Sadoway and Bradwell chose magnesium for the
top electrode, antimony for the bottom electrode, and a salt mixture
containing magnesium chloride for the electrolyte. They then built
prototypes of their cell—and they worked. The three liquid components
self-segregated, and the battery performed as they had predicted.
Spurred by their success, in 2010 they, along with Luis Ortiz SB '96,
PhD '00, also a former member of Sadoway's research group, founded a
company—called initially the Liquid Metal Battery Corporation and later
Ambri—to continue developing and scaling up the novel technology.
http://phys.org/news/2016-01-battery-molten-metals-low-cost-long-lasting.html
-----------
AI Just Found the Future of Batteries, And It’s Not Lithium
These discoveries could enable cheaper, safer, and more powerful energy storage by using elements like magnesium and zinc.
-
An anode-free zinc battery that could someday store renewable energy
https://sciencebulletin.org/an-anode-free-zinc-battery-that-could-someday-store-renewable-energy/
-
A reversible Zn-metal battery
10 May 2021
Thanks to a stable fluorinated interphase formed on top of a Zn metal
anode, a Zn metal battery shows 99.9% Coulombic efficiency and
record-high Zn utilization.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-021-00908-1
-
Fluorinated interphase enables reversible aqueous zinc battery chemistries
10 May 2021
Abstract
Metallic zinc is an ideal anode due to its high theoretical capacity (820 mAh g−1), low redox potential (−0.762 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode), high abundance and low toxicity. When used in aqueous electrolyte, it also brings intrinsic safety, but suffers from severe irreversibility. This is best exemplified by low coulombic efficiency, dendrite growth and water consumption. This is thought to be due to severe hydrogen evolution during zinc plating and stripping, hitherto making the in-situ formation of a solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) impossible. Here, we report an aqueous zinc battery in which a dilute and acidic aqueous electrolyte with an alkylammonium salt additive assists the formation of a robust, Zn2+-conducting and waterproof SEI. The presence of this SEI enables excellent performance: dendrite-free zinc plating/stripping at 99.9% coulombic efficiency in a Ti||Zn asymmetric cell for 1,000 cycles; steady charge–discharge in a Zn||Zn symmetric cell for 6,000 cycles (6,000 h); and high energy densities (136 Wh kg−1 in a Zn||VOPO4 full battery with 88.7% retention for >6,000 cycles, 325 Wh kg−1 in a Zn||O2 full battery for >300 cycles and 218 Wh kg−1 in a Zn||MnO2 full battery with 88.5% retention for 1,000 cycles) using limited zinc. The SEI-forming electrolyte also allows the reversible operation of an anode-free pouch cell of Ti||ZnxVOPO4 at 100% depth of discharge for 100 cycles, thus establishing aqueous zinc batteries as viable cell systems for practical applications.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-021-00905-4
-
High-Energy Batteries Coming to Market
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/416020/high-energy-batteries-coming-to-market/
----------------
Zinc–air battery
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%E2%80%93air_battery
-----------------------------
New Battery Boasts 7 Times More Energy Density
July 30th, 2014
http://cleantechnica.com/2014/07/30/new-battery-boasts-7-times-energy-density/
------------
Ein-Eli's New Battery Could Power a Laptop for Hundreds of Hours
December 1, 2009
An Israeli research team conducted by Prof. Yair Ein-Eli at the Technion – Israel Institute of Science, has recently developed a new battery that is able to produce thousands of hours of charge from an abundant and non-polluting fuel source.
This new portable battery could replace the batteries used in hearing aids, due to its reduced dimensions (measuring about less than a third of an inch). According to the researchers, in the near future it can replace laptop batteries as we known them, allowing them to run for hundreds of hours on a single charge. The small devices could benefit of this technology within a couple of years. “This would take about 10 years more and be revolutionary,” said Ein-Eli.
The current prototypes of the battery have a silicon power source that reverts back to their original form as sand. “In the paper, we showed that at 600 hours it had used only 10 percent of the energy. So we are talking about 6,000 hours,” says the professor.
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/ein-elis-new-battery-could-power-a-laptop-for-hundreds-of-hours-20091201/#.VSF4ceG-2zk
----------------
Commercially-available NanoTritium battery can power microelectronics for 20+ years
August 15, 2012
When installing micro-electronic devices in locations that are expensive
or hard to reach, or just downright dangerous, you don't want to have
to keep returning to swap out a battery cell. City Labs has announced
the commercial launch of its NanoTritium betavoltaic power source, a
thumb-sized battery that draws on the energy released from its
radioactive element to provide continuous nanoWatt power for over 20
years.
http://www.gizmag.com/city-labs-nanotritium-betavoltaic-battery/23720/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
-----------
Quantum Materials Cut Closer Than Ever Before for Faster, More Energy-Efficient Electronics
“Quantum materials cut closer than ever”. Posts about “Quantum materials cut closer than ever” written by richardmitnick.
DTU and Graphene Flagship (EU) researchers have taken the art of patterning nanomaterials to the next level. Precise patterning of 2D materials is a route to computation and storage using 2D materials, which can deliver better performance and much lower power consumption than today’s technology.
The electron beam lithography system in DTU Nanolab can write details down to 10 nanometers. Computer calculations can predict exactly the shape and size of patterns in the graphene to create new types of electronics. They can exploit the charge of the electron and quantum properties such as spin or valley degrees of freedom, leading to high-speed calculations with far less power consumption. These calculations, however, ask for higher resolution than even the best lithography systems can deliver: atomic resolution.
Researchers Infuse Bacteria with Silver to Improve Power Efficiency in Fuel Cells
Sep 16, 2021
A UCLA-led team of engineers and chemists has taken a major step forward in the development of microbial fuel cells — a technology that utilizes natural bacteria to extract electrons from organic matter in wastewater to generate electrical currents. A study detailing the breakthrough was recently published in Science.
“Living energy-recovery systems utilizing bacteria found in wastewater offer a one-two punch for environmental sustainability efforts,” said co-corresponding author Yu Huang, a professor and chair of the Materials Science and Engineering Department at the UCLA Samueli School of Engineering. “The natural populations of bacteria can help decontaminate groundwater by breaking down harmful chemical compounds. Now, our research also shows a practical way to harness renewable energy from this process.”
The team focused on the bacteria genus Shewanella, which have been widely studied for their energy-generation capabilities. They can grow and thrive in all types of environments — including soil, wastewater and seawater — regardless of oxygen levels.
Shewanella species naturally break down organic waste matter into smaller molecules, with electrons being a byproduct of the metabolic process. When the bacteria grow as films on electrodes, some of the electrons can be captured, forming a microbial fuel cell that produces electricity.
-
Unplanned Discovery: An Excellent Material for Batteries along with other Energy Conversion Devices
Unplanned Discovery: A Super Material for Batteries and Other Energy Conversion Devices. Unplanned discoveries may lead to fundamental discoveries in batteries, fuel cells, and equipment that converts heat into electricity in the future.
“Our analysis showed that before this transformation, silver ions were fixed in a confined space within the two-dimensional space of our material,” Kanatzidis said. “But after this transition, they moved. ” Although people know a lot about how ions move in three-dimensional space, little is known about how they move in two-dimensional space.
When Mercouri Kanatzidis, a professor at Northwestern University in a joint position at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Argonne National Laboratory, was looking for a new superconductor with unconventional behavior, he made an unexpected discovery. It is a material that is only four atoms thick and only allows the movement of charged particles to be studied in two dimensions. These studies can promote the invention of new materials for various energy conversion devices.
Researchers Discover a New Family of 2D Semiconductors for Energy-Efficient Electronic Devices
Oct 17, 2021
Due to the increasing demand for high computational power in compact smart devices, circuits are shrinking while becoming more powerful. Therefore, the need for high device densities arises.
However, making circuit elements smaller is a challenge with various trade-offs. As the trend of miniaturization continues, engineers are trying to overcome the limitations of silicon-based technology.
As devices such as transistors are miniaturized or scaled-down beyond a certain size, quantum tunneling effects become prominent, which leads to highly uncontrollable device behaviors. As the transistors become too small, some electrons can tunnel past the barriers even if they don't have enough energy to cross. Due to these effects, ultrasmall computer chips do not behave in a controllable way.
To continue scaling further, sophisticated device technologies, such as FinFET and Gallium Arsenide FETs, can be employed. In addition, 2D semiconductors are considered as a potential candidate for future computing electronics. These materials, being atomically thin semiconductor layers, can efficiently handle electrical switching operations.
However, for implementing 2D transistors, a 2D semiconductor needs to electrically connect by two pieces of metals that form source and drain. The contacts between metals and semiconductors form an interfacial potential barrier, known as the Schottky barrier, which can severely affect the charge injection efficiency. As a result, a stronger voltage is needed to force the flow of electricity through the Schottky barrier, wasting energy and generating heat.
A research team from the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) is working on ohmic contacts with no Schottky barrier. They discovered a new family of 2D semiconductors, namely MoSi2N4 and WSi2N4 that form ohmic contacts with metals titanium, scandium, and nickels. Their work is described in the npj 2D Materials and Applications journal.
New X-Ray microscopy technique reveals nanoscale secrets of rechargeable batteries
August 4, 2016
http://phys.org/news/2016-08-team-reveals-nanoscale-secrets-rechargeable.html
----------------
Researchers Watch Solid-State Batteries Charge and Discharge Using X-ray Tomography
Real-time 3D imaging shows voids at solid-state battery interfaces cause failure, offering clues for improving their lifespan and performance.
Using X-ray tomography, a research team has observed the internal evolution of the materials inside solid-state lithium batteries as they were charged and discharged. Detailed three-dimensional information from the research could help improve the reliability and performance of the batteries, which use solid materials to replace the flammable liquid electrolytes in existing lithium-ion batteries.
-
Scientists analyze a single atom with X-rays for the first time
New X-ray capability could find wide application in environmental and medical research, as well as the development of batteries and microelectronic devices
https://www.anl.gov/article/scientists-analyze-a-single-atom-with-xrays-for-the-first-time
-
New design points a path to the 'ultimate' battery
October 29, 2015
Scientists have developed a working laboratory demonstrator of a lithium-oxygen battery which has very high energy density, is more than 90% efficient, and, to date, can be recharged more than 2000 times, showing how several of the problems holding back the development of these devices could be solved.
http://phys.org/news/2015-10-path-ultimate-battery.html
--------------------
Silicon Nanowire Battery Has Three Times More Capacity, Charges Faster
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/silicon-nanowire-battery-capacity-20130216/#.VSFr9OG-2zk
-------------
Newly Discovered TiO2-Coated Nanotubes Could Build Better Li-Ion Battery Electrodes
February 2, 2010
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/titanium-dioxide-coated-nanotube-electrode-20100202/#.VSFcYuG-2zk
----------------
Breakthrough nano-spring technology boosts battery durability and energy density
March 15, 2025
Scientists improved battery durability and energy density with a nano-spring coating.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/03/250313130813.htm
-
Lithium-ion batteries inspired by snail shells could prove longer-lasting
February 11, 2015
In an ongoing effort to improve the performance of lithium-ion
batteries, scientists have looked to the techniques that snails use to
control the growth of their shells. This biological inspiration,
combined with a peptide found to bind very effectively with materials
used to make cathodes, has potential for making lighter and
longer-lasting batteries.
http://www.gizmag.com/lithium-ion-batteries-snail-shells/36045/
---------------
Batteries Mimic Multilayer Geometry of Mammal Bones for Structural Stability
By copying the multilayer geometry of mammal bones, cathodes for sodium-ion batteries can be made more structurally stable, while maintaining high capacities and fast charge rates.
Sodium-ion batteries are poised to replace lithium-ion batteries for large-scale electrical energy storage. They offer several advantages over lithium-ion batteries, particularly due to the widespread abundance of sodium.
However, it is difficult to develop sodium cathodes, materials through which electrons can enter a battery. Many candidate materials are unstable or cannot withstand high voltages.
To find a solution, researchers from Sungkyunkwan University, the University of Texas at Austin, and Brookhaven National Laboratory turned to nature. They describe their mammal bone-inspired sodium cathode in the journal Applied Physics Reviews, from AIP Publishing.
“We believe that nature provides a very promising solution to resolve technical problems,” said Ho Seok Park, one of the authors. “Accordingly, we tried to find the ideal architecture that can resolve these kinetic and stability limitations.”
Mammal bone structures consist of an inner porous, spongy bone that allows the storage and transport of bone marrow, surrounded by a hard, compact bone, which offers mechanical and structural integrity under severe stress.
-
An Affordable, Sustainable New Battery Technology
June 26, 2025
Traditional Li-ion batteries rely on graphite as an anode material. However, the same graphite structure fails when it comes to sodium or potassium. But, by rethinking the shape of the carbon at the microscopic level, researchers found a workaround.
-
This battery self-destructs: Biodegradable power inspired by 'Mission: Impossible'
June 7, 2025
New paper shows the potential of using probiotics -- live microorganisms that offer health benefits when ingested but are otherwise harmless
Scientists at Binghamton University are bringing a sci-fi fantasy to life by developing tiny batteries that vanish after use inspired by Mission: Impossible. Led by Professor Seokheun Choi, the team is tackling one of the trickiest parts of biodegradable electronics: the power source. Instead of using toxic materials, they re exploring probiotics friendly bacteria often found in yogurt to generate electricity. With engineered paper-based batteries that dissolve in acidic environments, this breakthrough could revolutionize safe, disposable tech for medical and environmental use.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/06/250607231828.htm
-
The Quantum Battery That Flipped Entanglement: A Stunning Reversal of the Rules
Scientists have discovered a way to make quantum entanglement reversible, something long thought to be impossible, by using a conceptual device called an entanglement battery.
Much like a regular battery stores energy, this theoretical tool can store and release entanglement, allowing quantum states to be transformed and reversed without loss. This breakthrough reveals a new “second law” for quantum mechanics, echoing the principles of thermodynamics and opening the door to more efficient quantum technologies and a unified framework for manipulating quantum resources.
-
Newly Discovered Property of Graphene to Boost Fuel Cells Efficiency
November 28, 2014
The founder of graphene discovered one more
incredible property of the material that can give the ever-so-needed to
boost fuel cells and hydrogen-based technologies. The strongest,
thinnest, and initially known as impermeable material, in fact allows
hydrogen protons to pass through.
No wonder graphene is labelled as the “miracle material”.
Every property or use of it that is discovered, opens up a great deal
of new and super exciting opportunities and applications. Of course,
there is no one, who better understands graphene than its discoverer- the Nobel prize winner Andre Geim of University of Manchester,
and therefore it is no surprise that exactly his team has found yet
another super exciting property of the thin super-strong material.
In the study published this week in the journal Nature, the team describes how at high temperatures, above 250 degrees Celsius, graphene allows hydrogen protons to pass through. In addition, this process of proton transport
can be enhanced by adding an extra layer of catalytic metal
nanoparticles, such as platinum. This great discovery has a potential in
improving the performance of fuel cells. Here, it
could act as a proton-conducting membrane, which could potentially
eliminate the pressing problem of fuel leaks, associated with reduction
of cell efficiency. This property also opens up new horizons for
development of exciting hydrogen-based technologies.
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/newly-discovered-property-graphene-boost-fuel-cells-efficiency-20141128/#.VSFr4OG-2zk
-------------
New electrolyte promises to rid lithium batteries of short-circuiting dendrites
March 2, 2015
(Scanning electron microscope images that show how normal electrolyte
promotes dendrite growth (a, left), while PNNL’s new electrolyte
produces smooth nodules that don’t short-circuit cells (b, right).
Dendrites – thin conductive filaments that form inside lithium batteries
– reduce the life of these cells and are often responsible for them
catching fire. Scientists working at the Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory (PNNL) of the US Department of Energy claim to have produced a
new electrolyte for lithium batteries that not only completely
eliminates dendrites, but also promises to increase battery efficiency
and vastly improve current carrying capacity.
http://www.gizmag.com/dendrite-electrolyte-lithium-batteries/36274/
-------------------------------
Scientists cook up a green recipe for recycling lithium-ion batteries using vegetable oil
24 February 2025
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-02-scientists-cook-green-recipe-recycling.html
-
Erupting electrodes: How recharging leaves behind microscopic debris inside batteries (w/ Video)
Apr 10, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-04-erupting-electrodes-recharging-microscopic-debris.html#jCp
---------
Using batteries to produce hydrogen peroxide from air for industrial applications
12-Mar-2025
Hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) is widely used as a bleach, disinfectant, and oxidising
agent, among other things. However, industrial production of H2O2 is
expensive and uses a lot of energy owing to the rare and precious metal
catalysts used in its production. Researchers at the Indian Institute of
Science (IISc) have developed an alternative, onsite production
strategy for H2O2 that can also degrade industrial pollutants like toxic
dyes.
https://www.chemeurope.com/en/news/1185767/using-batteries-to-produce-hydrogen-peroxide-from-air-for-industrial-applications.html
-
Lithium extraction: the end of polluting methods?
February 05, 2025
Lithium,
essential for electric vehicle batteries, is currently extracted using
costly and polluting methods. A team of researchers proposes an
electrochemical alternative, cleaner and more efficient, which could
reduce costs by 35% and CO₂ emissions by 75%.
https://www.techno-science.net/en/news/lithium-extraction-the-end-of-polluting-methods-N26456.html
-
Iron-Air Batteries Promise Higher Energy Density Than Lithium-Ion Batteries
-
Will Iron Forge the Future of Metal-Air Batteries in Grid Scale Energy Storage?
17 March 2025
Graphical Abstract
This Perspective paper highlights different aspects of iron-air batteries, as an appealing sustainable alternative energy storage technology for grid-scale applications. The utilization of iron as an anode is attractive, since it is abundant and safe to handle, recyclable and affordable, has multielectron reversible redox activity, holds historically rich experience in terms of production and processing.
https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cssc.202402412
-
Researchers develop safer electrolytes and use novel technique to assess them
Apr 03, 2015
Most of us have seen dramatic photographs of laptops and even cars
that have burst into flames due to failures in lithium-ion batteries. On
a much larger scale, battery fires grounded Boeing's 787 Dreamliner
jets for several months in 2013 while the company implemented new
features to reduce the risk of overheating and combustion.
http://phys.org/news/2015-04-safer-electrolytes-technique.html#nRlv
Newly Invented Energy-Storing Organic Membrane Better and Cheaper Than Batteries and Capacitors
October 27, 2011
An organic membrane may be the world’s next best battery and may
revolutionize energy storage as we know it – it can bear far more energy
than capacitors can, and can charge quicker than ever. Not to mention
that it’s also dead-cheap.
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/xie-energy-storing-organic-membrane-20111027/
---------
Advanced stability and energy storage capacity in hierarchically engineered Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-based multilayer capacitors
16 July 2025
Abstract
Multilayer ceramic capacitors are cornerstone components of modern electronic systems. Yet ensuring reliability under demanding operational conditions, such as elevated temperatures and prolonged cycling, while achieving holistic optimization of recoverable energy density and efficiency remains a significant challenge. Herein, we implement a polar glass state strategy that catalyzes a profound enhancement in energy storage performance by modulating dynamic and thermodynamic processes. This approach minimizes hysteresis loss and improves breakdown strength through hierarchical structural engineering, disrupting nano-domains and refining grains. An ultra-high recoverable energy density of 22.92 J cm−3 and exceptional efficiency of 97.1%, accompanied with state-of-the-art high-temperature stability are achieved in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-based multilayer ceramic capacitors. This strategy promises to be a transformative blueprint for developing cutting-edge dielectric capacitors for high-temperature applications.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-61936-2
-
Technique matters: A different way to make cathodes may mean better batteries
January 11, 2016
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, or NMC, is one of the most promising chemistries for better lithium batteries, especially for electric vehicle applications, but scientists have been struggling to get higher capacity out of them. Now researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have found that using a different method to make the material can offer substantial improvements.
-----------
A Married Couple’s Sweet Music – A Graphene Battery Printing
October 25, 2014
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/married-couples-sweet-music-graphene-battery-printing-20141025/#.VSFr_eG-2zk
This couple is making beautiful music together – they’ve printed a battery made of graphene.
Dr. Elena Polyakova and Dr. Daniel Stolyarov, originally from Russia,
founded Graphene 3D Lab and have since moved the company to Calverton,
New York. They spent more than five years researching raw materials
that can be used to make a graphene battery using a 3D printer.
Graphene is a special form of carbon in which the atoms are arranged
in a hexagonal lattice along a single layer. In this configuration, the
carbon is 200 times stronger than steel and it conducts electricity 30
times faster than silicon. It is the latter feature that makes it ideal
for making tough composites, computer chips and well, batteries. Already batteries with lives 25 percent longer than lithium-ion batteries have already been made by other researchers.
Graphene 3D Lab’s design has one up on the competition, however,
because it can be made anywhere and practically in any shape.
Although
the prototype is able to produce the same amount of power as a common
AA battery, it has already produced considerable interest from the
military, as well as from the aerospace and car industries, according to
Dr. Polyakova, Graphene 3D Lab’s CoO. The company’s technology allows
one to print batteries to fit crooks and nannies where space is tight.
It can be used to print other graphene parts. As such, this technology
is very useful for space missions. Dr. Polyakova says, “That is an
exotic example, but a good one. A mission of that kind requires
thousands of spare parts and dozens of different battery types. Our
technology could remove the need to carry replacement batteries.”
---------------
Looking at graphene and other 2d crystals in energy conversion and storage
3 February 2015
http://graphene-flagship.eu/?news=looking-at-graphene-and-other-2d-crystals-in-energy-conversion-and-storage
--------------
Scientists see the light on microsupercapacitors: Laser-induced graphene makes simple, powerful energy storage possible
December 3, 2015
Rice
University researchers who pioneered the development of laser-induced
graphene have configured their discovery into flexible, solid-state
microsupercapacitors that rival the best available for energy storage
and delivery.
http://phys.org/news/2015-12-scientists-microsupercapacitors.html
--------------
KIST Pioneers Next-Gen Energy Storage with Breakthrough Supercapacitor Technology
May 9, 2025
In a remarkable stride towards the future of energy storage, researchers from the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) and Seoul National University have unveiled a game-changing supercapacitor technology that promises to revolutionize existing energy storage systems. Spearheaded by Dr. Bon-Cheol Ku and Dr. Seo Gyun Kim from KIST and Professor Yuanzhe Piao of SNU, this pioneering advancement centers on a unique fiber composition integrating single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polyaniline (PANI), a conductive polymer. The implications of this research not only demonstrate enhanced performance in supercapacitors but could also redefine their role in various practical applications.
-
Long-sought chiral anomaly detected in crystalline material
September 3, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-09-long-sought-chiral-anomaly-crystalline-material.html#jCp
------------------
Scientists copy structure of cork to produce 3D blocks of graphene
December 6, 2012
(A scanning electron microscope image of the cork-like 3D graphene (Image: Ling Qiu, Monash University).
Imagine how limiting it would be if steel, wood or plastic only existed
in the form of thin sheets. Well, that’s been the case so far when it
comes to graphene. While its incredible strength and high conductivity
make it very useful in things like semiconductors, batteries and solar cells,
there’s no doubt that it would be even more useful if it could be
produced in three-dimensional blocks. Scientists at Australia’s Monash
University have now managed to do just that – by copying the structure
of cork.
http://www.gizmag.com/3d-graphene-cork-blocks/25342/
---------------------
A new wrinkle for cell culture
Apr 23, 2015
Researchers from Brown University have developed
new graphene surfaces, engineered with tiny wrinkles, as environments
for cell culture. The surfaces could provide a way to culture cells in
the lab that better approximates the complex environments in which cells
grow in the body.
http://phys.org/news/2015-04-wrinkle-cell-culture.html?utm_source=menu&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=item-menu
--------------------
From Disorder to Order: Scientists Rejuvenate Aging Batteries
2025-04-17
A
team of scientists led by Prof. LIU Zhaoping at the Ningbo Institute of
Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE) of the Chinese Academy of
Sciences, in collaboration with researchers from the University of
Chicago and other institutions, has developed zero thermal expansion
(ZTE) materials. This innovation has achieved nearly 100% voltage
recovery in aging lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as detailed in a study
published in Nature.
https://en.ncsti.gov.cn/Latest/news/202504/t20250418_202143.html
---
Scientists Invent Self-healing Battery Electrode
November 18, 2013
https://scienceblog.com/scientists-invent-self-healing-battery-electrode/
-
Renewable energy from evaporating water (w/ Video)
June 16, 2015
(The "moisture mill" is a new kind of turbine engine that turns
continuously as water evaporates from the wet paper lining the walls of
the engine.)
In the June 16 online issue of Nature Communications, Columbia University scientists report the development of two novel devices that derive power directly from evaporation - a floating, piston-driven engine that generates electricity causing a light to flash, and a rotary engine that drives a miniature car.
http://phys.org/news/2015-06-renewable-energy-evaporating-video.html
---------------------
World's first "aqueous solar flow battery" outperforms traditional lithium-iodine batteries
August 3, 2015
The scientists that revealed the "world's first solar battery"
last year are now, following some modifications, reporting its first
significant performance milestone. The device essentially fits a battery
and solar cell into the one package, and has now been tested against
traditional lithium-iodine batteries, over which the researchers are
claiming energy savings of 20 percent.
It was last October that researchers at Ohio State University (OSU)
first detailed their patent-pending design for a dye-sensitized solar
cell also capable of storing its own power. With three electrodes rather
than the typical four, it featured a lithium plate base, two layers of
electrode separated by a thin sheet of porous carbon, and a titanium
gauze mesh that played host to a dye-sensitive titanium dioxide
photoelectrode.
The reasoning behind the porous nature of the
materials was to allow the battery's ions to oxidize into lithium
peroxide, which was in turn chemically decomposed into lithium ions and
stored as lithium metal. But the team has redesigned the battery so that
air no longer needs to pass through it in order to function.
http://www.gizmag.com/aqueous-solar-flow-battery-osu/38748/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
-----------------------
First Quantum Phase “Supercurrent” Battery Ever Developed
https://science-atlas.com/technology/first-quantum-phase-supercurrent-battery-ever-developed/
-
Identifying material properties for more efficient solid-state batteries
Jan. 30, 2025
https://www.llnl.gov/article/52366/identifying-material-properties-more-efficient-solid-state-batteries
-
Unlocking safer batteries: New study uncovers key insights into electrolyte materials for all-solid-state batteries
February 10, 2025
https://www.anl.gov/article/unlocking-safer-batteries-new-study-uncovers-key-insights-into-electrolyte-materials-for
-
‘Cold’ manufacturing approach to make next-gen batteries
April 24, 2025
Fabrication challenge for solid-state batteries solved through advanced technique, researchers report
UNIVERSITY
PARK, Pa. — Lithium-ion batteries have been a staple in device
manufacturing for years, but the liquid electrolytes they rely on to
function are quite unstable, leading to fire hazards and safety
concerns. Now, researchers at Penn State are pursuing a reliable
alternative energy storage solution for use in laptops, phones and
electric vehicles: solid-state electrolytes (SSEs).
According to
Hongtao Sun, assistant professor of industrial and manufacturing
engineering, solid-state batteries — which use SSEs instead of liquid
electrolytes — are a leading alternative to traditional lithium-ion
batteries. He explained that although there are key differences, the
batteries operate similarly at a fundamental level.
“Rechargeable
batteries contain two internal electrodes: an anode on one side and a
cathode on the other,”" Sun said. “Electrolytes serve as a bridge
between these two electrodes, providing fast transport for conductivity.
Lithium-ion batteries use liquid electrolytes, while solid-state
batteries use SSEs.”
Solid-state batteries offer improved
stability and safety when compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries
but face several manufacturing and conductivity challenges, Sun
explained. For example, the high temperatures introduced in the
fabrication process, especially with ceramic-based SSE
https://www.psu.edu/news/engineering/story/cold-manufacturing-approach-make-next-gen-batteries
-
Scientists Turn Nuclear Waste into Electricity with New Micro-Battery Design
February 25, 2025
Ohio
State researchers have developed a novel battery that harnesses gamma
radiation—typically considered a harmful waste product—to generate
usable electricity. The prototype device, roughly the size of a sugar
cube, might eventually help power sensors in nuclear facilities or deep
space missions.
https://scienceblog.com/scientists-turn-nuclear-waste-into-electricity-with-new-micro-battery-design/
-
Electricity-producing slime could power floors, shoes and more
February 6, 2025
University
of Guelph (U of G) researchers have developed a slime-like material
that produces electricity when compressed. When the team studied their
prototype using the Canadian Light Source (CLS) at the University of
Saskatchewan, they discovered the material has an array of potential
applications.
If installed in floors, it could produce clean
energy when people walk on it. If incorporated into a shoe insole, it
could be used to analyze your gait. In theory, says lead researcher
Erica Pensini, their material could even be used as the basis for a
synthetic skin to train robots to know how much pressure to use when
checking the pulse of a patient.
"The synchrotron is like a
super-microscope," says Pensini. "It allowed us to see that if you apply
an electric field, you can change the crystalline structure of this
material."
Pensini, an associate professor at U of G, and
colleagues, found that the "slime" could form different structures at
the microscopic level so that it either arranged itself like a sponge,
formed layers like a lasagna, or took on a hexagonal form. Pensini
conducted the work in collaboration with U of G professors Alejandro G.
Marangoni, Aicheng Chen, and Stefano Gregori. Their findings are
published in the Journal of Molecular Liquids.
This property,
explains Pensini, could offer an opportunity for the targeted delivery
of medicine within the body. "Imagine you have the material take an
initial structure that contains a pharmaceutical substance and then,
when an electric field is applied to it, the structure changes to
release the medicine."
The team's prototype is composed of
natural materials that are highly compatible with the body. It is 90%
water plus oleic acid (found in olive oil) and amino acids (the building
blocks of protein in the body). "I wanted to make something that is
100% benign and that I would put on my skin without any concerns," she
says.
The material could also be used to make bandages that
actively promote healing. "Our bodies produce small electric fields to
attract healing cells to an open wound," says Pensini. "By creating a
bandage that increases this electric field, healing could theoretically
happen faster. In this case, the bandage would be activated by our
natural movements and breathing."
Pensini is excited about the
potential uses for their "slime." In the meantime, she plans to use it
as a salve for her hands after rock climbing. "I need an initial guinea
pig, so it might as well be me, right?"
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-02-electricity-slime-power-floors.html
-
Waste to wealth: Pomelo peel can be used for electricity generation and sensing devices
February 21, 2025
Pomelo
is a large citrus fruit commonly grown in Southeast and East Asia. It
has a very thick peel, which is typically discarded, resulting in a
considerable amount of food waste. In a new study, University of
Illinois Urbana-Champaign researchers explore ways to utilize waste
pomelo-peel biomass to develop tools that can power small electric
devices and monitor biomechanical motions.
https://fshn.illinois.edu/news/waste-wealth-pomelo-peel-can-be-used-electricity-generation-and-sensing-devices
-
Scientists turn dead battery waste, CO2 into fuel, killing 2 birds with 1 stone
Mar 05, 2025
Researchers
extracted nickel from Ni-MH batteries and alumina from aluminum foil,
converting them into a high-performance nanocatalyst using green
chemistry.
https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/battery-waste-into-clean-fuel
-
Battery waste and kitchen foil create nanocatalyst for CO₂ to methane fuel conversion
March 4, 2025
Battery
waste is a serious environmental problem: It contains substances that
pose a threat to both human health and ecosystems. At the same time,
however, batteries also contain valuable materials such as nickel, which
we need—for example, for the production of new batteries. Better
recycling methods for batteries are therefore urgently required.
https://phys.org/news/2025-03-battery-kitchen-foil-nanocatalyst-methane.html
-
Scientific breakthrough brings CO2 'breathing' batteries closer to reality
May 20, 2025
Scientists
at the University of Surrey have made a breakthrough in eco-friendly
batteries that not only store more energy but could also help tackle
greenhouse gas emissions. Lithium-CO₂ 'breathing' batteries release
power while capturing carbon dioxide, offering a greener alternative
that may one day outperform today's lithium-ion batteries.
Until
now, Lithium-CO₂ batteries have faced setbacks in efficiency -- wearing
out quickly, failing to recharge and relying on expensive rare materials
such as platinum. However, researchers from Surrey have found a way to
overcome these issues by using a low-cost catalyst called caesium
phosphomolybdate (CPM). Using computer modelling and lab experiments,
tests showed this simple change allowed the battery to store
significantly more energy, charge with far less power and run for over
100 cycles.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/05/250520122027.htm
-
New nanomaterial offers breakthrough in energy storage and environmental sustainability
21-May-2025
Researchers
from Shinshu University developed a low-cost nanocomposite by embedding
bimetallic and trimetallic molybdates into nitrogen-, boron-, and
fluorine-doped hollow carbon nanofibers. This material demonstrated
excellent electrochemical performance for supercapacitors, with high
capacitance and long-term stability, as well as strong catalytic
efficiency in degrading 4-nitrophenol, a common industrial pollutant.
The composite offers promising dual functionality for energy storage and
environmental remediation, providing a scalable and efficient solution
to address pressing global energy and pollution challenges.
https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1084692
-
-
Breakthrough could enable diamond transistors for high-power applications
30 January 2025
A
landmark development led by researchers from the University of Glasgow
could help create a new generation of diamond-based transistors for use
in high-power electronics.
Their new diamond transistor overcomes
the limitations of previous developments in the technology to create a
device much closer to being of practical use across a range of
industries which rely on high power systems.
The team have found a
new way to use diamond as the basis of a transistor that remains
switched off by default - a development crucial for ensuring safety in
devices which carry a large amount of electrical current when switched
on.
Diamond has an inherent property known as a wide band gap,
meaning it is capable of handling much higher voltages than silicon -
the material the majority of transistors are made from - before
electrically breaking down. In power electronic applications, that means
that transistors made from materials such as diamond can withstand
significantly higher voltages and deliver higher power than Si
transistors.
The team’s diamond transistor could find
applications in sectors where largely voltages are required and
efficiency is highly-valued, like power grids or electric vehicles.
https://www.myscience.org/en/news/2025/breakthrough_could_enable_diamond_transistors_for_high_power_applications-2025-glasgow
-
Metal-free supercapacitor stack delivers 200 volts from just 3.8 cm³
22-Jul-2025
https://sciencesources.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1092126
-
New metal design for solid-state batteries enables operation at lower pressures
June 9, 2025
Lithium-ion
batteries power everything from electric cars to laptops to leaf
blowers. Despite their widespread adoption, lithium-ion batteries carry
limited amounts of energy, and rare overheating can lead to safety
concerns. Consequently, for decades, researchers have sought a more
reliable battery.
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-06-metal-solid-state-batteries-enables.html
-
Stanford and MIT engineers find new way to harness waste heat
May 21, 2014
Researchers have developed a new battery technology that captures waste heat and converts it into electricity.
https://engineering.stanford.edu/news/stanford-and-mit-engineers-find-new-way-harness-waste-heat
-
A new solid-state battery surprises the researchers who created it
Sep 24, 2021
Engineers created a new type of battery that weaves two promising battery sub-fields into a single battery. The battery uses both a solid state electrolyte and an all-silicon anode, making it a silicon all-solid-state battery. The initial rounds of tests show that the new battery is safe, long lasting, and energy dense. It holds promise for a wide range of applications from grid storage to electric vehicles.
The battery technology is described in the 24 September, 2021 issue of the journal Science. University of California San Diego nanoengineers led the research, in collaboration with researchers at LG Energy Solution.
-
Solid state battery design charges in minutes, lasts for thousands of cycles
Research paves the way for better lithium metal batteries
January 8, 2024
-
University of Texas Scientists Develop Anode-Free Solid-State Battery with Increased Energy Density
-
Self-adaptive electrolytes expand stability for fast charging and high-energy batteries
August 9, 2025
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-08-electrolytes-stability-fast-high-energy.html
-
17 Tech Experts Discuss What’s New And Next In Nanotech
Apr 26, 2023
1. Advances In Addressing Neurodiversity And Disabilities
2. Graphene As An Accurate And Efficient Sensor Material
3. Nanorobot Applications In Multiple Industries
4. Upgrades To Computers And Other Digital Devices
5. Personalized, Smart Living Spaces
6. More Durable And Energy-Efficient Buildings
7. Water Testing And Treatment
8. ‘Green’ Growth In Agricultural Productivity
9. Medical Condition Monitoring And Targeted Treatment
10. Enhanced Access To Big Data
11. Nanocellulose As An Eco-Friendly Alternative To Plastics
12. DNA Origami
13. New Teaching Aids And Learning Tools
14. Nanocomposites For Lighter, Stronger Aircraft And Automobiles
15. Nanobots That Carry Out Critical Natural Functions
16. Higher-Energy, Faster-Charging Batteries
17. Safer, More Efficient Space Exploration
-
-
----------------
----------------
Chapter 8: Magnetic energy
----------------
----------------
---------------------
Magnetic energy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_energyMagnetic energy and electric energy are related by Maxwell's equations. The potential energy of a magnet of magnetic moment m in a magnetic field B is defined as the mechanical work of magnetic force (actually of magnetic torque) on re-alignment of the vector of the magnetic dipole moment
--------------------------
New class of "non-Joulian magnets" have potential to revolutionize electronics
May 21, 2015
Magnets are at the heart of much of our technology, and their properties are exploited in a myriad ways across a vast range of devices, from simple relays to enormously complex particle accelerators. A new class of magnets discovered by scientists at the University of Maryland (UMD) and Temple University may lead to other types of magnets that expand in different ways, with multiple, cellular magnetic fields, and possibly give rise to a host of new devices. The team also believes that these new magnets could replace expensive, rare-earth magnets with ones made of abundant metal alloys.
http://www.gizmag.com/expanding-alloy-magnets/37621/
----------
Electromagnetic fields as cutting tools
Dec 01, 2009
http://phys.org/news178914974.html
-----------------
Melt metal with magnets
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8i2OVqWo9s0
-------
Molecular trick alters rules of attraction for non-magnetic metals
August 5, 2015
Scientists have demonstrated for the first time how to generate magnetism in metals that aren't naturally magnetic, which could end our reliance on some rare and toxic elements currently used...
- Magnets are used in many industrial and technological applications, including power generation in wind turbines, memory storage in hard disks and in medical imaging.
"Future technologies, such as quantum computers, will require a new breed of magnets with additional properties to increase storage and processing capabilities. Our research is a step towards creating such 'magnetic metamaterials' that can fulfil this need," said Al Ma'Mari.
http://phys.org/news/2015-08-molecular-non-magnetic-metals.html#jCp
-----------
MERS Device Harnesses Residual Magnetic Power Produced by Electrical Current
September 27, 2010
Researchers at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in collaboration with
the Office of Naval Research Global plan to develop a new device for
capturing residual magnetic energy from electrical current.
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/mers-device-magnetic-power-recovery-20100927/
------------------
Magnetic Pendulum: A Free Energy Device Running for Three Years Now
January 19, 2010
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/magnetic-pendulum-a-free-energy-device-running-for-three-years-now-20100119/#.VSFjmuG-2zk
-----------------
World's first magnetic "wormhole" produces magnetic monopole
September 4, 2015
It may not instantly whisk you to far-flung reaches of the universe like the gravitational wormholes of Stargate, Star Trek and Interstellar, but researchers at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) claim to have created the first experimental wormhole that links two regions of space magnetically.
http://www.gizmag.com/magnetic-wormhole/39257/
---------------------
Scientists At NASA Announce That Space Portals Actually Do Exist
Is science finally catching up with spirituality?
A few years ago now it was announced that NASA funded plasma physicist Jack Scudder at the University of Iowa had discovered what science fiction
lovers have dreamt about since day one: a wormhole, the portal that
links the Earth to far away galaxies that would otherwise be impossible
to reach.
Well, that’s what we hoped they meant. It turns out these so
called “X-points”, or electronic diffusion regions, is a connection
linking the Earth’s magnetic field to the sun’s magnetic field.
Alas it is not the galaxy hopping wormhole we were hoping
for, but it could be potentially be a start into finding something along
those lines.
http://www.neonnettle.com/news/1432-scientists-at-nasa-announce-that-space-portals-actually-do-exist
-------------------
Converting Magnetic Energy Into Electric Voltage Using Power Spintronics
January 4, 2013
The American Institute of Physics’ (AIP) journal Applied Physics Letters, published a report, which shows a new application of spintronics. According to the study, it is now possible to convert magnetic energy into electric voltage by changing the dynamics of magnetization using magnetic nanostructures.
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/converting-magnetic-energy-into-electric-voltage-using-power-spintronics-20130104/
---------------
New Technology 2014 Floating Magnetic Cars
Dec 15, 2013
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmMbyAGlnI4
----------------------------------
Tiny magnets mimic steam, water and ice
September 21, 2015
Researchers
at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) created a synthetic material out
of 1 billion tiny magnets. Astonishingly, it now appears that the
magnetic properties of this so-called metamaterial change with the
temperature, so that it can take on different states; just like water
has a gaseous, liquid and a solid state. This material made of
nanomagnets might well be refined for electronic applications of the
future – such as for more efficient information transfer.
http://phys.org/news/2015-09-tiny-magnets-mimic-steam-ice.html#jCp
---------------------------------------------
New tool for studying magnetic, self-propelled bacteria that resemble compass needles
September 15, 2015
In
the Marvel Comics universe, Professor Xavier and the X-Men are only
able to fend off their archrival Magneto, the magnetic mutant with the
ability to control metals, once they truly understand the scope of the
villain's powers. To better understand the behavior of the microbial
world's Magnetos—the magnetically influenced water-dwellers known as
magnetotactic bacteria—three researchers from Europe and Russia have
developed a new tool that allows these unique microscopic species to be
studied more easily, especially in their natural environment.
http://phys.org/news/2015-09-tool-magnetic-self-propelled-bacteria-resemble.html#jCp
-----------------------------
Giant enhancement of magnetic effect will benefit spintronics
December 21, 2015
Researchers have demonstrated that coating a cobalt film in graphene doubles the film's perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), so that it reaches a value 20 times higher than that of traditional metallic cobalt/platinum multilayers that are being researched for this property. In a material with a high PMA, the magnetization is oriented perpendicular to the interface of the material's layers. High-PMA materials are being researched for their applications in next-generation spintronic devices, such as high-density memories and heat-tolerant logic gates.
The researchers, Hongxin Yang, et al., have published a paper on the giant PMA enhancement in a recent issue of Nano Letters.
http://phys.org/news/2015-12-giant-magnetic-effect-benefit-spintronics.html#jCp
--------------------------
Cooled down and charged up, a giant magnet is ready for its new mission
September 24, 2015
The
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory—or Fermilab—announced that a
680-ton superconducting magnet is secure in its new home and nearly
ready for a new era of discovery in particle physics. This achievement
follows the delicate, 3,200-mile transport of the magnet's 17-ton,
50-foot-wide housing ring to the U.S. Department of Energy facility
outside Chicago two years ago. The fully assembled magnet will drive
high-energy particle experiments as part of an international partnership
among 34 institutions, of which the University of Washington is a
leading contributor.
http://phys.org/news/2015-09-cooled-giant-magnet-ready-mission.html#jCp
---------------
Massive Research Magnets Are on the Move for Groundbreaking Experiments
https://stc-mditr.org/massive-research-magnets-are-on-the-move-for-groundbreaking-experiments/
-
Decades-long experiment finds muon still behaving unexpectedly
June 3, 2025
https://phys.org/news/2025-06-decades-muon-unexpectedly.html
-
Control of spin qubits at near absolute zero provides path forward for scalable quantum computing
June 25, 2025
Developing
technology that allows quantum information to be both stable and
accessible is a critical challenge in the development of useful quantum
computers that operate at scale. Research published in the journal
Nature provides a pathway for scaling the number of quantum transistors
(known as qubits) on a chip from current numbers under 100 to the
millions needed to make quantum computation a practical reality. The
result is enabled by new cryogenic control electronics that operate at
close to absolute zero, developed at the University of Sydney.
https://phys.org/news/2025-06-qubits-absolute-path-scalable-quantum.html#google_vignette
-
Researcher develop an electrical switch for magnetic current
Mar 01,2012
Researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics in Halle developed a new switching mechanism for magnetic current. The idea is to use a short electric pulse to change the magnetic transport properties of a material sandwich consisting of a ferroelectric layer between two ferromagnetic materials. The new mechanism could be used to store information in four states of a storage point, not just two - which doubles storage density or lowers the size of MRAM devices.
In ferroelectric materials, voltage switches between the two directions of an electric polarisation – depending on its polarity – not unlike when a magnetic field permanently reverses the polarity of a ferromagnet. As ions shift within the material structure during this process, the polarisation remains intact, even after the voltage has been reduced. It is possible, however, to reverse the switch again with a similarly large voltage with reversed polarity.
https://www.spintronics-info.com/researcher-develop-electrical-switch-magnetic-current
-
Superconducting Magnets Could Unlock a Hidden Universe of Gravitational Waves
June 28, 2025
-
A newly discovered type of superconductor is also a magnet
May 22, 2025
Magnets
and superconductors go together like oil and water—or so scientists
have thought. But a new finding by MIT physicists is challenging this
century-old assumption.
In a paper appearing in the journal
Nature, the physicists report that they have discovered a "chiral
superconductor"—a material that conducts electricity without resistance,
and also, paradoxically, is intrinsically magnetic. What's more, they
observed this exotic superconductivity in a surprisingly ordinary
material: graphite, the primary material in pencil lead.
Graphite
is made from many layers of graphene—atomically thin, lattice-like
sheets of carbon atoms—that are stacked together and can easily flake
off when pressure is applied, as when pressing down to write on a piece
of paper. A single flake of graphite can contain several million sheets
of graphene, which are normally stacked such that every other layer
aligns. But every so often, graphite contains tiny pockets where
graphene is stacked in a different pattern, resembling a staircase of
offset.
The MIT team has found that when four or five sheets of
graphene are stacked in this "rhombohedral" configuration, the resulting
structure can exhibit exceptional electronic properties that are not
seen in graphite as a whole.
In their new study, the physicists
isolated microscopic flakes of rhombohedral graphene from graphite, and
subjected the flakes to a battery of electrical tests. They found that
when the flakes are cooled to 300 millikelvins (about -273 degrees
Celsius), the material turns into a superconductor, meaning that any
electrical current passing through the material can flow through without
resistance.
They also found that when they swept an external
magnetic field up and down, the flakes could be switched between two
different superconducting states, just like a magnet. This suggests that
the superconductor has some internal, intrinsic magnetism. Such
switching behavior is absent in other superconductors.
https://phys.org/news/2025-05-newly-superconductor-magnet.html
-
The secrets of world’s thinnest superconductor uncovered
June 22, 2021
The world’s thinnest superconductor exhibits unusual electronic behavior. The superconductor, which is just an atomic layer thick, has several applications as it conducts electricity exceptionally efficiently.
The work could transform the fields of medical diagnostics, quantum computing, and energy transport.
It can superconducting at 65 K. In contrast, bulk samples of the same material superconduct at a much lower temperature (8 K).
n new work, MIT scientists offered the first experimental evidence of spin excitations in this superconductor.
Until now, physicists assume that it is impossible to quantify spin excitations in material only an atomic layer thick. In this new work, scientists did not only detect spin excitations but, among other things, also showed that the spin dynamics in the ultra-thin sample were dramatically different from those in the bulk sample. They found that the energy of fluctuating spins in the ultra-thin sample was much higher than the energy of the spins in the bulk sample.
Jonathan Pelliciari, a former MIT postdoc, said, “This is the first experimental evidence of the presence of spin excitations in an atomically thin material.”
Usually, neutron scattering is used to study magnetism. Since spin is the principal property of magnetism, neutron scattering would give off an impression of being a decent test. However, the technique doesn’t work on a material that is only one atomic layer thick.
Hence, scientists used a new experimental technique called resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS).
https://www.techexplorist.com/secrets-world-thinnest-superconductor-uncovered/39720/
-
'Thermoelectric permanent magnet' achieves record power density for energy harvesting
June 23, 2025
https://techxplore.com/news/2025-06-thermoelectric-permanent-magnet-power-density.html
-
Topological magnetic field textures
20 December 2021
Curvilinear DNA-shaped magnetic double helices enable tunable magnetic field nanotextures.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-021-00984-3
-
Decoding nanomaterial phase transitions with tiny drums
March 16, 2025
When water freezes into ice or boils into vapor, its properties change
dramatically at specific temperatures. These so-called phase transitions
are fundamental to understanding materials. But how do such transitions
behave in nanomaterials? A team of scientists now presents new insights
into the complex nature of phase transitions in magnetic nanomaterials.
Their findings reveal the coupling between magnetic and mechanical
properties, paving the way for ultra-sensitive sensors.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/03/250312124608.htm
-
Physicists Reveal Non-Reciprocal Flow Round the Quantum World Utilizing an Artificial Magnetic Field
Physicists reveal non-reciprocal flow around the quantum world. Physicists have created a theory describing how non-reciprocity can be induced at the quantum level, paving the way for non-reciprocal transport in the next generation of nanotechnology.
Theory of non-reciprocal flow could lead to new quantum devices – Synthetic magnetic fields control flow around quantum trimers.
Their results pave the way for new experimental studies of nanoscale directional currents, which could lead to the development of new ways of controlling the flow of energy and information. The research could also lead to new studies of exotic states of matter that feature strongly interacting quantum systems.
- Synthetic magnetic fields
- Exotic states of matter
Physicists from Exeter and Zaragoza have created a theory describing how non-reciprocity can be induced at the quantum level, paving the way for non-reciprocal transport in the next generation of nanotechnology...
https://science-atlas.com/physics/physicists-reveal-non-reciprocal-flow-round-the-quantum-world/
-
Generating Megatesla Magnetic Fields on Earth Using Intense-Laser-Driven Microtube Implosions
A team of researchers led by Osaka University discovers “microtube implosion,” a novel mechanism that demonstrates the generation of megatesla-order magnetic fields.
Magnetic fields are used in various areas of modern physics and engineering, with practical applications ranging from doorbells to maglev trains. Since Nikola Tesla’s discoveries in the 19th century, researchers have strived to realize strong magnetic fields in laboratories for fundamental studies and diverse applications, but the magnetic strength of familiar examples are relatively weak. Geomagnetism is 0.3−0.5 gauss (G) and magnetic tomography (MRI) used in hospitals is about 1 tesla (T = 104 G). By contrast, future magnetic fusion and maglev trains will require magnetic fields on the kilotesla (kT = 107 G) order. To date, the highest magnetic fields experimentally observed are on the kT order.
Recently, scientists at Osaka University discovered a novel mechanism called a “microtube implosion,” and demonstrated the generation of megatesla (MT = 1010G) order magnetic fields via particle simulations using a supercomputer. Astonishingly, this is three orders of magnitude higher than what has ever been achieved in a laboratory. Such high magnetic fields are expected only in celestial bodies like neutron stars and black holes.
-
Nanomagnets power micromachine bird
November 8th, 2019
Researchers assembled the micromachine from materials that contain small nanomagnets. They can program these nanomagnets to assume a particular magnetic orientation. When the programmed nanomagnets are then exposed to a magnetic field, specific forces act on them. If these magnets are located in flexible components, the forces acting on them cause the components to move.
For the construction of the microrobot, the researchers fabricated arrays of cobalt magnets on thin sheets of silicon nitride. The bird constructed from this material could then perform various movements, such as flapping, hovering, turning, or side-slipping. The researchers report the work in the journal Nature.
https://www.futurity.org/micromachine-bird-nanomagnets-2205972-2/
-
‘Microflower’ structure amplifies magnetic fields 5x, can boost devices’ efficiency
Mar 29, 2025
Precise
control over the elemental blocks of magnetic metamaterials enables the
concentration, focusing, and guiding of magnetic fields.
https://interestingengineering.com/science/magnetic-microflowers-enhance-magnetic-fields
-
New Way of Using Spin Waves in Magnetic Materials Can lead to Smaller sized, Faster Electronics
Magnets and electricity – The basic principles of electricity and electrical magnets.
Have you ever held two magnets close to each other? They don’t act like most objects. If you try to push the two north poles or two south poles together, they repel each other. But if you put a north pole and a south pole together, the magnets will stick together because the north and south poles attract each other. Just like protons and electrons—opposites attract in magnets.
Video advice: Spin Waves & Magnons
This video is about spin waves and magnons. It has been explained with the help of ferromagnetic chain of spins. The next video will cover dispersion relation of ferromagnetic magnons...
Physics – Electroengineering – 06. 12. 2019 In surprise breakthrough, scientists create quantum states in everyday electronicsAfter decades of miniaturization, the electronic components we’ve relied on for computers and modern technologies are now starting to reach fundamental limits. Faced with this challenge, engineers and scientists around the world are turning toward a radically new paradigm: quantum information technologies. Quantum technology, which harnesses the strange rules that govern particles at the atomic level, is normally thought of as much too delicate to coexist with the electronics we use every day in phones, laptops and cars.
Physicists find a way to eliminate unwanted damping. Smaller, faster, more energy-efficient – this is the goal that developers of electronic devices have been working towards for years. In order to be able to miniaturize individual components of mobile phones or computers, for example, magnetic wav.
-
Innovative Approach to Controlling Magnetism Opens Route to Ultra-Low-Power Microchips
All machines convert one form of energy into another form - for example a car engine turns the energy stored in fuel into motion energy. Those processes of energy conversion, described by the theory called thermodynamics, don't only take place on the macro-level of big machines, but also at the micro-level of molecular machines that drive muscles or metabolic processes and even on the atomic level. The research team of Prof. Massimiliano Esposito of the University of Luxembourg studies the thermodynamics of small nanomachines only consisting of a few atoms. In a paper published in the prestigious scientific journal Physical Review X, they outline how these small machines behave in concert. Their insights could be used to improve the energy efficiency of all kinds of machines, big or small.
-
New
single-molecule magnet tech could unlock hard drives with 100x more
capacity — drives could store half a million TikTok views on a hard
drive the size of a postage stamp, or three terabytes per square
centimeter
June 26, 2025
https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/storage/new-single-molecule-magnet-tech-could-unlock-hard-drives-with-100x-more-capacity-drives-could-store-three-terabytes-per-square-centimeter
-
Spintronics Advances: Efficient Magnetization Direction Control of Magnetite for High-Density Spintronic Memory Devices
Scientists develop an energy-efficient strategy to reversibly change ‘spin orientation’ or magnetization direction in magnetite at room temperature.
-
Magnetic Memory Breakthrough: Physicists Observe an Exotic “Multiferroic” State in an Atomically Thin Material
Discovery shows for the first time that multiferroic properties
can exist in a two-dimensional material; could lead to more efficient
magnetic memory devices.
https://scitechdaily.com/magnetic-memory-breakthrough-physicists-observe-an-exotic-multiferroic-state-in-an-atomically-thin-material/
-
How Magnetite Nanoparticles Are Transforming Digital Communications
August 15, 2023
We
could be on the brink of an unprecedented change in digital
communications, similar in importance to when the internet was first
introduced.
This change, a blend of the natural world with
advanced nanotechnology, suggests a new age of high-speed internet
connectivity, primarily utilising magnetite nanoparticles...
https://elnano.com/how-magnetite-nanoparticles-are-transforming-digital-communications/
-
Could hBN Become Quantum Technology’s Go-To Material?
October 19, 2023
Nanotechnology
is a rapidly evolving field that continually pushes the boundaries of
what is possible at the nanoscale. In recent years, diamond has been the
go-to material for quantum sensing, thanks to its nitrogen-vacancy
centers, controllable spin, and sensitivity to magnetic fields. Diamond,
a default choice for quantum sensing, has met its match in hexagonal
boron nitride (hBN), an often-overlooked material that is gaining
attention as a potential quantum technology future material.
https://elnano.com/could-hbn-become-quantum-technologys-go-to-material/
-
Room temperature coherent control of spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride
2 Apr 2021
Abstract
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abf3630
-
Researchers Have Found A New Way To Control Magnets – Here Is How
September 24, 2021
Researchers at MIT have developed a way of quickly changing the magnetic polarity of a ferrimagnet 180 degrees, using just a small applied voltage. According to the researchers, the discovery could herald a new era of ferrimagnetic logic and data storage systems.
The findings were published in the journal Nature Nanotechnology in a paper co-authored by postdoctoral researcher Mantao Huang, MIT professor of materials science and technology Geoffrey Beach, and professor of nuclear science and technology Bilge Yildiz, as well as 15 other researchers from MIT and other institutions in Minnesota, Germany, Spain, and Korea.
The majority of magnets we come across are of “ferromagnetic” materials. The atoms in these materials are oriented in the same direction with their north-south magnet axes; thus, their combined strength is strong enough to create attraction. As a result, these materials are often used in the modern high-tech environment.
https://wonderfulengineering.com/researchers-have-found-a-new-way-to-control-magnets-here-is-how/
-
-
New Method to Control Nanoparticles with Light and Magnets
A team of researchers has developed particles that can glow with color-coded light and be manipulated with magnets, improving the likelihood of tracking the position of the nanoparticles as they move within the body or inside a cell.
A long-sought goal of creating particles that can emit a colorful
fluorescent glow in a biological environment, and that could be
precisely manipulated into position within living cells, has been
achieved by a team of researchers at MIT and several other institutions. The finding is reported this week in the journal Nature Communications.
https://scitechdaily.com/new-method-control-nanoparticles-light-magnets/
-
Quantum twist: In a first, magnet-free spin transport achieved in graphene
Jul 06, 2025
Scientists
have found that they can trigger and control quantum spin currents
without magnets by placing graphene on a chosen magnetic material,
paving way for ultrathin, next-gen quantum devices.
https://interestingengineering.com/science/graphene-shows-spin-currents-without-magnets
-
Findings to Help Achieve Holy Grail of 2D Materials – Superfast Electronic Devices
Researchers discover new family of quasiparticles in graphene-based materials.
A group of researchers led by Sir Andre Geim and Dr. Alexey Berdyugin at The University of Manchester have discovered and characterized a new family of quasiparticles named ‘Brown-Zak fermions’ in graphene-based superlattices.
The team achieved this breakthrough by aligning the atomic lattice of a graphene layer to that of an insulating boron nitride sheet, dramatically changing the properties of the graphene sheet.
The study follows years of successive advances in graphene-boron nitride superlattices which allowed the observation of a fractal pattern known as the Hofstadter’s butterfly — and today (Friday, November 13, 2020) the researchers report another highly surprising behavior of particles in such structures under applied magnetic field.
Quantum materials quest could benefit from graphene that buckles
Aug 14, 2020
Cooled graphene mimics effect of enormous magnetic fields that would benefit electronics.
-
Revolutionizing Spintronics: Electric Field Control Eliminates Need for Magnets
April 3, 2025
Spintronics is a promising and rapidly evolving field that could transform the world of electronics. Unlike traditional electronics, which rely on the charge of electrons to carry information, spintronics takes advantage of an additional property of electrons known as spin. This spin, a quantum mechanical property of electrons, can be manipulated to process and store data, leading to potentially faster, more efficient devices that consume significantly less power. However, one major challenge has persisted: controlling spin without the need for bulky magnetic fields. A breakthrough published in Materials Horizons provides a game-changing solution to this issue, bringing us one step closer to ultra-compact and energy-efficient spintronic devices.
-
DNA Origami Enables Fabricating Superconducting Nanowires
Fabricating nanoelectronic circuits of the future just got a lot more interesting, thanks to DNA origami
January 19, 2021
The following news release, issued by the American Institute of Physics (AIP) on Jan. 19, describes research published in AIP Advances on exploiting DNA origami as a platform to build wire-like nanostructures that can conduct electricity without resistance. Scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory and collaborating institutions first reported this platform in Nature Communications last November. Oleg Gang, leader of the Soft and Bio Nanomaterials Group at Brookhaven Lab’s Center for Functional Nanomaterials—a DOE Office of Science User Facility—has been developing novel strategies using DNA to guide the self-assembly of nanoparticles in desired ways for particular applications. The new AIP study shows the potential of this platform for applications including interconnects for nanoelectronics and novel devices such as 3-D magnetometers for measuring magnetic fields.
WASHINGTON, January 19, 2021 — The quest for ever-smaller electronic components led an international group of researchers to explore using molecular building blocks to create them. DNA is able to self-assemble into arbitrary structures, but the challenge with using these structures for nanoelectronic circuits is the DNA strands must be converted into highly conductive wires.
Inspired by previous works using the DNA molecule as a template for superconducting nanowires, the group took advantage of a recent bioengineering advance known as DNA origami to fold DNA into arbitrary shapes.
In AIP Advances, from AIP Publishing, researchers from Bar-Ilan University, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Columbia University, and Brookhaven National Laboratory describe how to exploit DNA origami as a platform to build superconducting nanoarchitectures. The structures they built are addressable with nanometric precision that can be used as a template for 3D architectures that are not possible today via conventional fabrication techniques.
The group’s fabrication process involves a multidisciplinary approach, namely the conversion of the DNA origami nanostructures into superconducting components. And the preparation process of DNA origami nanostructures involves two major components: a circular single-strand DNA as the scaffold, and a mix of complementary short strands acting as staples that determine the shape of the structure.
https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=117656
-
Performing artificial intelligence using tiny nanomagnets that interact like neurons in the brain
May 5, 2022
(Nanowerk News) Researchers have shown it is possible to perform artificial intelligence using tiny nanomagnets that interact like neurons in the brain.
The
new method, developed by a team led by Imperial College London
researchers, could slash the energy cost of artificial intelligence
(AI), which is currently doubling globally every 3.5 months.
In
a paper published in Nature Nanotechnology ("Reconfigurable training
and reservoir computing in an artificial spin-vortex ice via spin-wave
fingerprinting"), the international team have produced the first proof
that networks of nanomagnets can be used to perform AI-like processing.
The researchers showed nanomagnets can be used for ‘time-series
prediction’ tasks, such as predicting and regulating insulin levels in
diabetic patients.
https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news2/newsid=60560.php
-
MIT Physicists Detect Strange Hybrid Particle Held Together by Uniquely Intense “Glue”
Researchers at MIT have identified a new hybrid particle in NiPS3, combining an electron and a phonon with exceptional bonding strength, paving the way for dual control over electronic and magnetic properties in materials.
In the particle world, sometimes two is better than one. Take, for instance, electron pairs. When two electrons are bound together, they can glide through a material without friction, giving the material special superconducting properties. Such paired electrons, or Cooper pairs, are a kind of hybrid particle — a composite of two particles that behave as one, with properties that are greater than the sum of its parts.
In a new, two-dimensional magnetic substance, MIT scientists have now discovered a different kind of hybrid particle. They discovered that the hybrid particle is a combination of an electron and a phonon (a quasiparticle created by the vibrating atoms of a substance). They discovered that the glue, or bond, between the electron and phonon was 10 times stronger than any previous electron-phonon hybrid up to that point.
Dual Control of Electronic and Magnetic Properties
The particle’s exceptional bond suggests that its electron and phonon might be tuned in tandem; for instance, any change to the electron should affect the phonon, and vice versa. In principle, an electronic excitation, such as voltage or light, applied to the hybrid particle could stimulate the electron as it normally would, and also affect the phonon, which influences a material’s structural or magnetic properties. Such dual control could enable scientists to apply voltage or light to a material to tune not just its electrical properties but also its magnetism.
Potential Applications in Magnetic Semiconductors
The results are especially relevant, as the team identified the hybrid particle in nickel phosphorus trisulfide (NiPS3), a two-dimensional material that has attracted recent interest for its magnetic properties. If these properties could be manipulated, for instance through the newly detected hybrid particles, scientists believe the material could one day be useful as a new kind of magnetic semiconductor, which could be made into smaller, faster, and more energy-efficient electronics.
“Imagine if we could stimulate an electron, and have magnetism respond,” says Nuh Gedik, professor of physics at MIT. “Then you could make devices very different from how they work today.”
Gedik and his colleagues have published their results on January 10, 2022, in the journal Nature Communications. His co-authors include Emre Ergeçen, Batyr Ilyas, Dan Mao, Hoi Chun Po, Mehmet Burak Yilmaz, and Senthil Todadri at MIT, along with Junghyun Kim and Je-Geun Park of Seoul National University in Korea.
Exploring Two-dimensional Magnetic Materials
The field of modern condensed matter physics is focused, in part, on the search for interactions in matter at the nanoscale. Such interactions, between a material’s atoms, electrons, and other subatomic particles, can lead to surprising outcomes, such as superconductivity and other exotic phenomena. Physicists look for these interactions by condensing chemicals onto surfaces to synthesize sheets of two-dimensional materials, which could be made as thin as one atomic layer.
NiPS3 is a two-dimensional material that becomes antiferromagnetic at temperatures as low as 150 kelvin, or -123 degrees Celsius. In 2018, a research team in Korea found some unexpected interactions in sheets of NiPS3 that had been produced. An antiferromagnet’s microstructure is composed of atoms whose spins are directly opposed to those of their neighbors, much like a honeycomb lattice. A ferromagnetic substance, on the other hand, consists of atoms with their spins aligned in the same direction.
Don't make an ion trap at home
2023 Apr 15
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/3HIWR0UfC8I
-
On the Edge: New Magnetic Phenomenon Discovered With Industrial Potential
Working with the tiniest magnets, Hebrew University discovers a new magnetic phenomenon with industrial potential.
For physicists, exploring the realm of the very, very small is a wonderland. Totally new and unexpected phenomena are discovered in the nanoscale, where materials as thin as 100 atoms are explored. Here, nature ceases to behave in a way that is predictable by the macroscopic law of physics, unlike what goes on in the world around us or out in the cosmos.
Dr. Yonathan Anahory at Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HU)’s Racah Institute of Physics led the team of researchers, which included HU doctoral student Avia Noah. He spoke of his astonishment when looking at images of the magnetism generated by nano-magnets, “it was the first time we saw a magnet behaving this way,” as he described the images that revealed the phenomenon of “edge magnetism.”
https://scitechdaily.com/on-the-edge-new-magnetic-phenomenon-discovered-with-industrial-potential/
-
Scientists discover unusual ultrafast motion in layered magnetic materials
August 1, 2023
MIT Discovers Magnetic Superconductor in Pencil Lead
MIT scientists have identified a bizarre new material: a superconductor that also acts like a magnet. Using a special stacking of graphene layers from graphite, they observed this dual behavior — something thought to be impossible until now.
https://scitechdaily.com/mit-discovers-magnetic-superconductor-in-pencil-lead/
-
MIT Physicists Transform Pencil Lead Into Electronic “Gold”
Isolate thin flakes that can be tuned to exhibit three important properties.
MIT physicists have metaphorically turned graphite, or pencil lead, into gold by isolating five ultrathin flakes stacked in a specific order. The resulting material can then be tuned to exhibit three important properties never before seen in natural graphite.
“It is kind of like one-stop shopping,” says Long Ju, an assistant professor in the MIT Department of Physics and leader of the work, which is reported in the October 5 issue of Nature Nanotechnology. “Nature has plenty of surprises. In this case, we never realized that all of these interesting things are embedded in graphite.”
Further, he says, “It is very rare material to find materials that can host this many properties.”
The Rise of “Twistronics”
Graphite is composed of graphene, which is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons resembling a honeycomb structure. Graphene, in turn, has been the focus of intense research since it was first isolated about 20 years ago. Then about five years ago researchers including a team at MIT discovered that stacking individual sheets of graphene, and twisting them at a slight angle to each other, can impart new properties to the material, from superconductivity to magnetism. The field of “twistronics” was born.
In the current work, “we discovered interesting properties with no twisting at all,” says Ju, who is also affiliated with the Materials Research Laboratory.
https://scitechdaily.com/mit-physicists-transform-pencil-lead-into-electronic-gold/
-
-
For more information on how scientists are able to use magnets, with energy from light, view the chapter "Light energy."
----------------------
----------------
----------------
Chapter 9: Piezoelectric & mechanical energy
----------------
----------------
---------------------
Energy harvesting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_harvestingEnergy harvesting (also known as power harvesting or energy scavenging) is the process by which energy is derived from external sources (e.g. solar power, thermal energy, wind energy, salinity gradients, and kinetic energy), captured, and stored for small, wireless autonomous devices, like those used in wearable electronics and wireless sensor networks.
Energy harvesters provide a very small amount of power for low-energy electronics. While the input fuel to some large-scale generation costs money (oil, coal, etc.), the energy source for energy harvesters is present as ambient background and is free. For example, temperature gradients exist from the operation of a combustion engine and in urban areas, there is a large amount of electromagnetic energy in the environment because of radio and television broadcasting.
Piezoelectric
The piezoelectric effect converts mechanical strain
into electric current or voltage. This strain can come from many
different sources. Human motion, low-frequency seismic vibrations, and
acoustic noise are everyday examples. Except in rare instances the
piezoelectric effect operates in AC requiring time-varying inputs at
mechanical resonance to be efficient.
Most piezoelectric electricity sources produce power on the order of
milliwatts, too small for system application, but enough for hand-held
devices such as some commercially available self-winding wristwatches.
One proposal is that they are used for micro-scale devices, such as in a
device harvesting micro-hydraulic energy. In this device, the flow of
pressurized hydraulic fluid drives a reciprocating piston supported by
three piezoelectric elements which convert the pressure fluctuations
into an alternating current.
-------------------------
Preparation on transparent flexible piezoelectric energy harvester based on PZT films by laser lift-off process
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424712006516
The piezoelectric energy generation properties of transparent flexible devices (TFD) based on PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PZT) films, which were fabricated by laser lift-off (LLO) process, were studied for a piezoelectric energy harvester. Through the introduction of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, TFDs were implemented, respectively. The TFDs based on PZT films generated an AC-type output signal and output power of 8.4 nW/cm2, at periodically bending and releasing motion. In addition, inverted output signals were observed when the manufactured TFDs were connected to the measuring equipment in reverse and were bended to the reverse direction, demonstrating that the generating signals originated from the piezoelectric effect of TFDs. The experimental results clearly showed that the TFDs based PZT film have potential for use in next generation of electronic devices applications such as flexible devices, transparent electronics, and energy harvester.
----------------
Scientists use shape-fixing nanoreactor to make a better fuel cell catalyst
May 11, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-05-scientists-shape-fixing-nanoreactor-fuel-cell.html?utm_source=menu&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=item-menu
---------------------
Laser-machined piezoelectric cantilevers for mechanical energy harvesting
In this study, we report results on a piezoelectric- material-based
mechanical energy-harvesting device that was fabricated by combining
laser machining with microelectronics packaging technology. It was found
that the laser-machining process did not have significant effect on the
electrical properties of piezoelectric material. The fabricated device
was tested in the low-frequency regime of 50 to 1000 Hz at constant
force of 8 g (where g = 9.8 m/s2). The device was found to
generate continuous power of 1.13 muW at 870 Hz across a 288.5 kOmega
load with a power density of 301.3 muW/cm3.
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4626918&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F58%2F4626908%2F04626918.pdf%3Farnumber%3D4626918
-----------------------
Bismuth-Ferrite Piezoelectric Material Opens New Roads for Energy Generation
November 15, 2009
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/bismuth-ferrite-piezoelectric-material-opens-new-roads-for-energy-generation-20091115/#.VSIYCeG-2zk
------------
Chinese Scientists Find Alternative to Lead-Containing Mainstream Piezoelectric Material
April 2, 2012
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/zinc-oxide-vanadium-piezoelectric-20120402/#.VSIYEOG-2zk
------------
Energy-Saving Thermoelectric Material Made From Dirt
November 29, 2012
A team of researchers at Michigan State University have developed a new type of thermoelectric
material by using common materials found in dirt. The researchers
developed this material using what they know about tetrahedrites, one of
the most abundant minerals on Earth.
MSU Professor of Chemical
Engineering, Donald Morelli, and his team figured out how to synthesize
compounds that have the same chemical composition as natural minerals
and closely mimic tetrahedrites. By modifying the composition,
researchers have been able produce even more efficient thermoelectric
material.
Why is this important? Themoelectric energy needs to be
more efficient to be a viable energy source. For example, if
thermoelectric was more efficient, the heat generated by a car engine
that travels through the tail pipe could then be converted into actual
electricity. By tweaking the composition, researchers are coming closer
to making this a reality.
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/thermoelectric-material-dirt-20121129/
-----------------
Fungus turns wood piezoelectric, allowing it to power LEDs
Infecting wood with wood-decay fungus can boost its piezoelectric output by 55 times, researchers in Switzerland have discovered. The material scientists found that after 10 weeks of infection, blocks of decayed wood could power LEDs. They say that floors built from fungus-treated wood could generate renewable electricity from people’s footsteps.
Decades ago, scientists discovered that wood generates an electrical charge under mechanical stress. This piezoelectric effect is caused by the displacement of crystalline cellulose when it is deformed, whereby shear stress in one plane produces an electrical polarization perpendicular to it. But the piezoelectric effect is not very strong – around twenty times smaller than that of a quartz crystal – and wood does not deform easily.
Despite this, some researchers are keen on exploiting this property by creating piezoelectric construction materials that could help make buildings more energy efficient. Globally buildings are responsible for around 40% of our energy consumption and nearly 25% of our greenhouse gas emissions. Current attempts to minimize emissions involve reducing energy consumption or fitting buildings with solar panels so they generate their own electricity. While this can be effective, it is weather dependent and does not work everywhere. Piezoelectric construction materials could offer another source of clean energy.
Dissolving lignin
The piezoelectrical performance of wood can be improved by changing its structure. Recently Ingo Burgert, at ETH Zurich, and his colleagues found that placing wood in a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid increases its piezoelectric output. This process dissolves the lignin in the wood leaving behind a cellulose framework that is much more flexible and elastic. When squeezed, 1.5 cm cubes of this acid-treated wood generated an output of 0.69 V, which is 85 times higher than untreated wood. This performance was stable for 600 cycles and 30 connected blocks powered light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and a simple liquid-crystal display.
Keen to create the same effect, but without the harsh chemicals, Burgert and colleagues turned to a natural process that alters the structure of wood: decay by fungi. In their latest work, described in Science Advances, they infected balsa wood with the white rot fungus Ganoderma applanatum for 4–12 weeks. After 10 weeks the wood had lost 45% of its weight and the researchers found that at this point it showed the best compressibility performance, while still returning to its original shape once the stress was released.
A single 1.5 cm cube of this decayed wood produced a maximum voltage of 0.87 V under 45 kPa of stress, while uninfected balsa wood generated 0.015 V. The treated wood maintained its performance for 500 cycles. Electrical output increased with mechanical stress, rising to 1.32 V at 100 kPa. Nine of the decayed-wood blocks connected in parallel were able to power an LED, when pressed strongly.
Cellulose remains intact
Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis of decayed and untreated wood showed how the fungus altered the wood. “The selected wood decay fungi secrete enzymes that enable degradation of lignin and hemicelluloses in the wood, whereas cellulose remains intact,” Burgert told Physics World. “This type of wood decay is also known as selective delignification. This process changes the structure and chemistry of the wood cell wall enhancing the natural piezoelectric properties of wood.”
The researchers say that their results indicate that the material could be used to produce large-scale wooden floors, such as those in ballrooms, that could generate electricity from human activity.
“We are currently working at the demonstrator scale with delignified wood that can be used for sensors integrated into wooden floors,” Burgert says. “For instance, these systems could be used as security systems in wooden floors for detection of any kind of applied stress. In terms of power generation, it is on the level of lighting up LED lights, and therefore, at present the application as a sensor is more suitable. However, it is a first step and we are currently optimizing towards wood-based systems better suited for energy harvesting.”
Due to its lignin composition delignification during fungal infection is much faster in balsa than other woods such as spruce, pine and fir. “The next step is to use this concept for native wood species and incorporate the generated materials in future smart buildings,” Burgert adds.
https://physicsworld.com/a/fungus-turns-wood-piezoelectric-allowing-it-to-power-leds/
-
Proof-of-Concept Piezoelectric Generators Used to Recover Energy from Wind
November 24, 2009
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/andreopoulos-piezoelectric-wind-power-20091124/#.VSIbWOG-2zk
---------------------
Scientists harvest energy from beam's self-induced, self-sustaining vibrations in airflow
July 27, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-07-scientists-harvest-energy-self-induced-self-sustaining.html#jCp
-------------
Nanogenerator “Scavenges” Power from atmosphere
August 7, 2021
Australian researchers led by Flinders University are picking up the challenge of ‘scavenging’ invisible power from low-frequency vibrations in the surrounding environment, including wind, air, or even contact-separation energy (static electricity).
“These so-called triboelectric nanogenerators (or ‘TENGs’) can be made at low cost in different configurations, making them suitable for driving small electronics such as personal electronics (mobile phones), biomechanics devices (pacemakers), sensors (temperature/pressure/chemical sensors), and more,” says Professor Youhong Tang, from Flinders University’s College of Science and Engineering.
https://nanodigest.in/nanogenerator-scavenges-power-from-atmosphere/
-
How to squeeze electricity out of crystals - Ashwini Bharathula
It might sound like science fiction, but if you press on a crystal of sugar, it will actually generate its own electricity. This simple crystal can act like a tiny power source because sugar happens to be piezoelectric. Ashwini Bharathula explains how piezoelectric materials turn mechanical stress, like pressure, sound waves and other vibrations into electricity, and vice versa.
https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-squeeze-electricity-out-of-crystals-ashwini-bharathula
-
What Are Piezoelectric Crystals And How Do They Work?
September 23, 2024
We’ve found a lot of ways to make use of this strange property of certain crystals, but the most important effects were here long before us.
What Is Piezoelectricity?
Certain substances, when placed under physical stress, develop imbalances of charges. Electrons accumulate in certain parts, creating a negative electric potential; while other areas are depleted in electrons, and so form a positive potential.
Quartz, the most common material to display piezoelectricity, is so abundant that it’s likely many people have noticed that when squeezed it can become able to attract charged objects. Of course, quartz is not easy to squeeze, which may be why there is no record of these observations before Pierre Curie and his brother Jacques published research on it in 1880.
The Curies showed that certain crystals become electrically polarized when stressed, and the field strength is proportional to the force applied. The name comes from the ancient Greek word piézō, “to squeeze”. For Jacques, this was the highlight of his scientific career, whereas Pierre went on to be far more famous for many other things.
At a time when our understanding of electricity was in its infancy, and only a few practical applications had been developed, the discovery helped build excitement in the general phenomenon but was initially just a curiosity itself.
When an electric field is applied to a piezoelectric material, it will deform, a phenomenon known as the converse piezoelectric effect. The change is usually tiny – perhaps one part in a thousand – but that’s enough for some practical applications.
Why Are A Few Things Piezoelectric But Most Aren’t?
Piezoelectricity was initially observed in crystals. The Curies tried squeezing all sorts of crystalline materials to see which ones proved piezoelectric and to find the strongest effect. Along with Rochelle salt, a form of tartaric acid and quartz were their star examples.
Despite the limited knowledge available at the time about the way atoms lined up in crystals, the brothers were able to deduce that the common feature of the piezoelectric crystals related to their axes of symmetry. Piezoelectric behavior requires a crystal to have a polar bond, where some atoms hold onto their electrons more tightly than others. They also must lack inversion symmetry, that is they are not the same when components are placed on the opposites side of a center of symmetry,
Although more classes of crystal are piezoelectric than not, those that show strong piezoelectric effects are rare in nature, quartz is the only one that is common.
In piezoelectric crystals, the pressure causes electric dipoles to line up, rather than be arranged randomly, so that their cumulative effect produces a field.
We have since learned that piezoelectricity is not confined to crystals. Ferroelectric ceramics (those that electrically polarize in ways that resist reversal from external fields) with randomly orientated grains can be piezoelectric. That includes the class of materials known as perovskites that probably represent the future of solar energy.
Some polymers also show weak piezoelectric behavior because electric charges build up around voids within the material, and become concentrated when the voids are deformed. The big surprise in this area came by chance when piezoelectric liquids were discovered, shocking researchers both literally and intellectually.
Why Does Piezoelectricity Matter?
Piezoelectricity has found many applications. In most substances, the piezoelectric effect is so weak that it is too difficult to harness to bother. There are exceptions, however – suitable pressure on quartz crystals can produce electrical potential differences of thousands of volts, without the need to carry around an impractically large device.
The surge of electricity generated by sudden pressure on a quartz crystal can produce sparks that jump a gap, and is the basis of cigarette lighters and ignition devices for gas heaters and stoves.
On the other hand, by varying the electric fields around piezoelectric crystals, the converse effect can make metal plates glued to the crystals vibrate very rapidly. When performed thousands of times a second these vibrations were used to produce the first sonar, which mapped the ocean floor and detected submarines. A similar approach made it possible to produce lighter radio transmitters, allowing planes to communicate with each other while in flight during World War II.
A recent paper reveals that quartz’s piezoelectric properties may be why gold settles in quartz veins and forms concentrated nuggets. The economic effects of these nuggets – and the way their presence has made empires rise and fall – mean that, if this is true, natural piezoelectricity may have shaped our history more than any application humans designed.
There are probably even more important piezoelectric effects, but we don’t yet fully understand them. Many body parts, such as bones, are piezoelectric, and it is thought they use this to grow. It may be why bones atrophy in orbit, for example; the stresses created in Earth gravity keep them regenerating through piezoelectricity.
Piezoelectricity has fascinated enough scientists that some see potential for more world-changing applications. For example, ideas to underlay roads with piezoelectric materials and produce large amounts of power from cars driving over the top, or electricity-producing shoes draw publicity now and then. However, these reports usually fail to consider the inefficiency of the approach, even before one gets to the enormous cost. More modest versions serve as marketing devices, such as nightclubs that power the lights from people dancing on a piezoelectric floor.
https://www.iflscience.com/what-are-piezoelectric-crystals-and-how-do-they-work-76057
-
Did You Know That Hitting Crystals Can Make Electricity? This Is How ‘Piezoelectricity’ Works
December 11, 2021
Cell phones, diesel fuel injectors, acoustic guitar pickups, grill igniters, ultrasonic transducers, vibration sensors, some printers, and musical greeting cards all have something in common. And that is: all of these applications, aside from being electronic devices, make use of piezoelectricity in some way.
If you are not aware of what Piezoelectricity actually is, then don’t worry, we have the answer. As per the definition on Wikipedia, Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that builds up in certain solid materials, such as crystals and ceramics, as well as biological matter like bone, DNA, and different proteins, in reaction to mechanical stress. The term piezoelectricity refers to the generation of electricity from pressure and latent heat. It comes from the Greek words piezein, which means squeeze or press, and lektron, which refers to amber, an early source of electric charge.
New Piezo Crystals Harness Sound Waves to Generate Hydrogen Fuel
03/17/10
http://inhabitat.com/new-piezo-crystals-harness-sound-waves-to-generate-hydrogen-fuel/
---------------------
Nano-Rogues: From Mythic Ocean Waves to Micro-Manufacturing Marvels
Scientists have adapted the principles of large, unexpected oceanic rogue waves to a nanoscale, revealing potential applications in nano-manufacturing and medical insights, supported by mathematical models inspired by quantum physics.
Researchers have shown how the principles of rogue waves – huge 30-meter waves that arise unexpectedly in the ocean – can be applied on a nanoscale, with dozens of applications from medicine to manufacturing.
Long considered to be a myth, rogue waves strike from comparably calm surroundings, smashing oil rigs and ships in their path. Unlike tsunamis, rogue waves form by the chance combination of smaller waves in the ocean, creating an event that is very rare.
Nanoscale Application of Rogue Wave Principles
There has been a lot of research into rogue waves in recent years but now, for the first time, scientists are showing how this can be applied on a much smaller scale – nanometrically. A nanometer is a million times smaller than the thickness of the page of a book. This is a completely new approach to the behavior of liquids on a nanometric scale, published as a Letter in Physical Review Fluids.
The holes and bumps caused by rogue waves can be manipulated to spontaneously produce patterns and structures for use in nano-manufacturing (manufacturing on a scale one-billionth of a meter). For example, patterns formed that rupture liquid films can be used to build microelectronic circuits, which could be used in the production of low-cost components of solar cells. Furthermore, the behavior of thin liquid layers could help to explain why millions of people worldwide suffer from dry eye. This occurs when the tear film covering the eye ruptures.
Uncovering the Behavior of Nanoscopic Liquid Layers
Through direct simulations of molecules and new mathematical models, the study led by the University of Warwick’s Mathematics Institute discovered how nanoscopic layers of liquid behave in counterintuitive ways. While a layer of spilled coffee on a table may sit apparently motionless, at the nanoscale the chaotic motion of molecules creates random waves on a liquid’s surface. A rare event occurs when these waves conspire to create a large ‘rogue nanowave’ that bursts through the layer and creates a hole. The new theory explains both how and when this hole is formed, giving new insight into a previously unpredictable effect, by taking their large oceanic cousins as a mathematical blueprint.
The team of researchers is excited about the potential of this research in different industries; the applications are far-reaching.
https://scitechdaily.com/nano-rogues-from-mythic-ocean-waves-to-micro-manufacturing-marvels/
Fuel-free nanomotor is powered by ultrasound and magnetic fields
Jun 26, 2015
Nanoscale motors, like their macroscale
counterparts, can be built to run on a variety of chemical fuels, such
as hydrogen peroxide and others. But unlike macroscale motors, some
nanomotors can also run without fuel, instead being powered by either
magnetic or acoustic fields. In a new paper, researchers for the first
time have demonstrated a nanomotor that can run on both magnetic and
acoustic fields, making it the first magneto-acoustic hybrid fuel-free
nanomotor.
http://phys.org/news/2015-06-fuel-free-nanomotor-powered-ultrasound-magnetic.html?utm_source=menu&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=item-menu
-------------------
Sonic Breakthrough: MIT Unlocks Ultrasound Control With Advanced Metamaterials
Researchers at MIT have developed a design framework for controlling ultrasound wave propagation in microscale acoustic metamaterials, focusing on the precise positioning of microscale spheres within a lattice.
This approach enables tunable wave velocities and responses, and is applicable in fields like ultrasound imaging and mechanical computing.
Tiny Motors Take a Big Step Forward: First-Ever Solid-State Optical Nanomotor
7/17/2022
Motors are ubiquitous in our everyday lives — from cars to washing machines, even if we rarely notice them. A futuristic scientific field is working on the development tiny motors that could power a network of nanomachines and replace some of the power sources we currently use in electronic devices.
Researchers from the Cockrell School of Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin created the first ever solid-state optical nanomotor. All previous iterations of these light-driven motors reside in a solution of some sort, which limited their potential for the majority of real-world applications.
One of the biggest hurdles holding back implementation of these devices is Brownian Motion, which is avoided by bringing these nanomotors on land and out of water, so to speak. Brownian Motion happens when water molecules push these little motors off their spin. The smaller the motor, the stronger effect this motion has. Removing the solution from the equation side steps this problem entirely.
The reason scientists are so enamored with creating these tiny motors is that they mimic some of the most important biological structures. In nature, these motors drive the division of cells and help them move. They combine to help organisms move.
-
Ear-Piercing Sounds Harvested for Energy
Dec 6, 2013
-----
Engineering students use sound waves to put out fires
Mar 26, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-03-students.html
----------------
Advancement in piezoelectric nanogenerators for acoustic energy harvesting
18 December 2024
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41378-024-00811-4
-------
German student creates electromagnetic harvester that gathers free electricity from thin air
February 12, 2013
A German student has built an
electromagnetic harvester that recharges an AA battery by soaking up
ambient, environmental radiation. These harvesters can gather free
electricity from just about anything, including overhead power lines,
coffee machines, refrigerators, or even the emissions from your WiFi
router or smartphone.
New technique for generating electricity from mechanical vibrations
Nov 12, 2014
http://www.gizmag.com/mechanical-vibration-generate-electricity/34701/
-----------------------
New Cell Phone Charging System Harvests Energy from Vibrations
02/28/14
http://inhabitat.com/university-of-wisconsin-develops-cell-phone-charging-system-that-harvests-energy-from-vibrations/
----------------------
Pavegen looking to harness energy from pedestrian footsteps
May 28th, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-05-pavegen-harness-energy-pedestrian-footsteps.html#nRlv
----------------------
Portland to generate electricity within its own water pipes
February 17, 2015
http://www.gizmag.com/portland-lucidpipe-power-system/36130/
-------------------------
Shape-shifting nanoprobes report on internal body conditions using magnetic fields
April 5, 2015
Scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have developed a new type of shape-shifting nanoprobe that can perform high-resolution remote biological sensing not possible with current technology. Around one-tenth the size of a single red blood cell, the nanoprobes are designed to provide feedback on internal body conditions by altering their magnetic fields in response to their environment. The researchers predict wide-spread applications for the nanoprobes in the fields of chemistry, biology, engineering and, one day, to aid physicians in high-accuracy clinical diagnostics.
http://www.gizmag.com/nanoprobes-nist-gem-biosensing-magnetic-fields/36803/
----------------
Study Confirms Magnetic Properties of Silicon Nano-Ribbons
October 24, 2012
http://www.bangscience.org/2012/10/study-confirms-magnetic-properties-of-silicon-nano-ribbons/
--------------------
Heat makes electrons spin in magnetic superconductors
4/24/2015
http://article.wn.com/view/2015/04/24/Heat_makes_electrons_spin_in_magnetic_superconductors_Univer/
----------------
Scientists fabricate hexagonal silicon, potentially leading to light-emitting semiconductors
August 18, 2015
Virtually
all semiconductors used in today's electronic devices are made of
silicon having a cubic crystal structure, as silicon naturally
crystallizes in the cubic form. In a new study, researchers have
fabricated silicon in a hexagonal crystal structure, which is expected
to exhibit novel optical, electrical, superconducting, and mechanical
properties compared with cubic silicon.
http://phys.org/news/2015-08-scientists-fabricate-hexagonal-silicon-potentially.html#jCp
---------------
Device harvests energy from low-frequency vibrations
August 29, 2018
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — A wearable energy-harvesting device could generate energy from the swing of an arm while walking or jogging, according to a team of researchers from Penn State's Materials Research Institute and the University of Utah. The device, about the size of a wristwatch, produces enough power to run a personal health monitoring system.
https://www.psu.edu/news/research/story/device-harvests-energy-low-frequency-vibrations
-
Researchers prove magnetism can control heat, sound
May 28th, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-05-magnetism.html
-----------------------------------
Ultrafast heat conduction can manipulate nanoscale magnets
June/8/2015
Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have uncovered physical mechanisms allowing the manipulation of magnetic information with heat. These new phenomena rely on the transport of thermal energy, in contrast to the conventional application of magnetic fields, providing a new, and highly desirable way to manipulate magnetization at the nanoscale.
http://phys.org/news/2015-06-ultrafast-nanoscale-magnets.html#jCp
--------------------------------
Magnetostrictive resonators as sensors and actuators
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924424712007509
Two types of magnetostrictive resonators – magnetostrictive microcantilever (MSMC) and magnetostrictive particle (MSP) – have been introduced as sensor platforms. Their principles and advantages as sensor platforms are discussed along with the materials selection. A detailed and complete comparison between the MSMC and MSP is given. It is concluded that for the resonators with the same size, an MSP exhibits a higher sensitivity and has a much higher resonant frequency. For the resonators with the same resonant frequency, MSMCs exhibit a much higher sensitivity and have a much smaller size than MSPs. Using antibody as the sensing element, MSP biosensors for in situ detection of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes are developed and characterized. These biosensors exhibit a high performance. For example, the MSP-antibody biosensors of 1 mm × 0.3 mm × 15 μm exhibit a detection limit less than 100 cfu/ml for in situ detection of bacterial cell in water. A new type actuator is introduced using MSPs. The MSP actuator is operated using AC magnetic field with a frequency close to, but different than, its resonant frequency. The MSP actuator exhibits an unlimited displacement, and its moving direction is controlled by the operating frequency used.
--------------
Levitating Magnet May Yield New Approach to Clean Energy
http://engineering.columbia.edu/levitating-magnet-may-yield-new-approach-clean-energy
Achieving nuclear fusion in the laboratory has been a cherished goal of
physicists and energy researchers for more than 50 years. That’s because
it offers the possibility of nearly endless supplies of energy with no
carbon emissions and far less radioactive waste than that produced by
today’s nuclear plants, which are based on fission, the splitting of
atoms (the opposite of fusion, which involves fusing two atoms
together). But developing a fusion reactor that produces a net output of
energy has proved to be more challenging than initially thought.
---------------
Anti-Gravity Transport of Water Droplets: Material Channels Mechanical Energy in a Preferred Direction
A research group led by scientists from the RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science have developed a unique material, based on nanofillers embedded in a hydrogel, that can channel mechanical energy in one direction but not the other, acting in a “nonreciprocal” way. Using the composite material—which can be constructed at various sizes—the team was able to use vibrational, up-and-down movements, to make liquid droplets rise within a material. Using the material could thus make it possible to use random vibration usefully to move matter in a preferred direction.
-
We are even inventing news ways, to harvest and store energy, with new technological applications.
----------------
Cleaner Fuel Cells on the Way from Moscow
January 1, 2016
A European research team has been working on
ion-exchange membranes that convert energy created by chemical
reactions. These membranes are based on amphiphilic compounds, and are
synthetic. This has great implications for the use of clean fuel cells.
The team, comprised of Russian, French and German scientists, have
been collaborating to create this process that can be possibly used in
fuel cells. The study was conducted at the Moscow Institute of Physics
and Technology, at the Laboratory of Functional Organic and Hybrid
materials.
Batteries produce energy by utilizing the reaction of oxidizing and
reducing agents. The batteries’ lifespan is complete when both the
agents are consumed. When an accumulator is used, electric energy can be
stored in packets.
http://www.greenoptimistic.com/moscow-clean-fuel-cells/
-
Scientists Discover Smart Way to Generate Energy with Tiny Beads
11/03/2025
An
international team of researchers from the Department of Chemical
Engineering at Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Riga Technical University,
the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, and the MESA+ Institute at
the University of Twente has discovered a new method to generate
electricity using small plastic beads. By placing these beads close
together and bringing them into contact, they generate more electricity
than usual. This process, known as triboelectrification, is similar to
the static electricity produced when rubbing a balloon against hair.
https://chemicalengineering.research.vub.be/scientists-discover-smart-way-to-generate-energy-with-tiny-beads
-
Atomic Eavesdropping: How Carbyne Talks Through Quantum Vibrations
Researchers revealed a bizarre quantum link between carbyne and carbon nanotubes—two materials that shouldn’t “talk” but somehow do. The discovery could reshape how we design ultra-sensitive nano-devices.
https://scitechdaily.com/atomic-eavesdropping-how-carbyne-talks-through-quantum-vibrations/
-
Physicists Caught Two Atoms ‘Talking’ to Each Other
May 27, 2021
A team of physicists in the Netherlands and Germany recently placed a bunch of titanium atoms under a scanning tunneling microscope. Those atoms were in constant, quiet interaction with each other through the directions of their spins. In a clever feat, the researchers were able to home in on a single pair of atoms, zapping one with an electric current in order to flip its spin. They then measured the reaction of its partner.
https://gizmodo.com/physicists-caught-two-atoms-talking-to-each-other-1846967872
-
'Electron shower' technique unlocks advanced piezoelectric films for next-generation electronics
June 5, 2025
https://phys.org/news/2025-06-electron-shower-technique-advanced-piezoelectric.html
-
Biofuel Cell: Wearable Device Turns the Touch of Finger Into a Source of Power
July 26, 2021
A new wearable device turns the touch of a finger into a source of power
for small electronics and sensors. Engineers at the University of
California San Diego developed a thin, flexible strip that can be worn
on a fingertip and generate small amounts of electricity when a person’s
finger sweats or presses on it.
What’s special about this
sweat-fueled device is that it generates power even while the wearer is
asleep or sitting still. This is potentially a big deal for the field of
wearables because researchers have now figured out how to harness the
energy that can be extracted from human sweat even when a person is not
moving.
https://fuelcellsworks.com/news/biofuel-cell-wearable-device-turns-the-touch-of-a-finger-into-a-source-of-power
-
Energy harvesting goes organic, gets more flexible: Self-assembled peptides, when aligned, show great promise for electricity generation
15th, Sep 2020
The race is on to create natural biocompatible piezoelectric materials for energy harvesting, electronic sensing, and stimulating nerves. A group of researchers has explored peptide-based nanotubes and reports using a combination of ultraviolet and ozone exposure to generate a wettability difference and an applied field to create horizontally aligned polarization of nanotubes on flexible substrates with interlocking electrodes. The work will enable the use of organic materials more widely.
Flexible piezoelectrics: integration of sensing, actuating and energy harvesting
14 June 2025
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41528-025-00432-5
-
Designing transparent piezoelectric metasurfaces for adaptive optics
27 January 2024
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-45088-3
-
Piezoelectric actuation for integrated photonics
14 May 2024
https://arxiv.org/html/2405.08836v1
---
Scientists Twist Chemistry’s Rules with New Mechanically Chiral Molecule
April 29, 2025
In the invisible world of molecules, some structures are less like rigid statues and more like acrobatic performers—twisting, turning, interlocking, and responding to subtle nudges from their environment. Among the most dazzling of these molecular contortionists are catenanes, a class of organic compounds whose key feature isn’t just how they’re built, but how they’re mechanically entwined. Like a pair of Olympic gymnasts permanently linked at the wrists, these molecules are composed of interlocked rings that can’t be pulled apart unless their covalent bonds are broken—a task requiring deliberate chemical intervention.
These ring-shaped structures don’t merely coexist; they are mechanically interlocked, meaning their very existence as a single entity depends on their entanglement. But now, researchers are delving deeper than ever before—not just into how these catenanes hold together, but how their dynamic structure can generate chirality—a mirror-image asymmetry that has profound implications across chemistry and biology.
A generalized approach on bending and stress analysis of beams with piezoelectric material bonded
2019
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924424719300019
-
Laminated piezoelectric beam element for dynamic analysis of piezolaminated smart beams and GA-based LQR active vibration control
2020
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0263822319348755
-
Performance of piezoelectric beam type energy harvester under flow-induced vibration
18 April 2025
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-98147-0
--
Design method for piezoelectric cantilever beam structure under low frequency condition
2017
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1996681416301912
-
Fast Steering Mirrors
For Laser Beam Steering - Tip/Tilt Platforms, Piezo & Voice Coil-Driven
PI's ultra-fast steering mirrors, mirror platforms and dither scanners are based on frictionless flexure guides and high-speed solid-state piezoelectric drives. These compact 2-axis scan mirrors integrate pitch and roll motion into one device with a single moving mirror or optic. They are faster than galvo-scanners and voice-coil beam steering systems (also available from PI) and can be used in both static and highly dynamic operation (e.g. scanning, tracking, image resolution enhancement, drift/vibration cancellation).
------
High-Speed Piezoelectric MEMS Laser Tracking System for Different Intensity Illuminations
16 June 2025
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11037358
-
Femtosecond-Laser-Enabled Geometric Microengineering of PZT Films for Boosted Piezoelectric Response and Rainfall Monitoring Demonstration
November 20, 2024
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.4c15162
-
Pulsed-Laser-Triggered Piezoelectric Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction over Tetragonal BaTiO3 Nanocubes
02 August 2023
Abstract
The recombination of photoinduced carriers in photocatalysts is considered one of the biggest barriers to the increase of photocatalytic efficiency. Piezoelectric photocatalysts open a new route to realize rapid carrier separation by mechanically distorting the lattice of piezoelectric nanocrystals to form a piezoelectric potential within the nanocrystals, generally requiring external force (e.g., ultrasonic radiation, mechanical stirring, and ball milling). In this study, a low-power UV pulsed laser (PL) (3 W, 355 nm) as a UV light source can trigger piezoelectric photocatalytic CO2 reduction of tetragonal BaTiO3 (BTO-T) in the absence of an applied force. The tremendous transient light pressure (5.7 × 107 Pa, 2.7 W) of 355 nm PL not only bends the energy band of BTO-T, thus allowing reactions that cannot theoretically occur to take place, but also induces a pulsed built-in electric field to determine an efficient photoinduced carrier separation. On that basis, the PL-triggered piezoelectric photocatalytic CO2 reduction realizes the highest reported performance, reaching a millimole level CO yield of 52.9 mmol g−1 h−1 and achieving efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction in the continuous catalytic system. The method in this study is promising to contribute to the design of efficient piezoelectric photocatalytic reactions.
https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202305257?af=R
-
-
--------------------
------------------
Chapter 10: Lazers
----------
----------
----------------------------------
From Sci-Fi to Reality: Laser-Powered Sails Are Changing the Future of Space Travel
Laser propulsion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_propulsion
---------------------------------
Laser Travel by Photonic Thruster
October 21, 2013
http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=29341
--------------------------
Blue Light and Sunshine May be the Next Gen Weapons Against Antibiotic-Resistant Infections
March 14, 2014
http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/03/14/blue-light-therapy.aspx
Skin and soft tissue infections are among the most common bacterial infections encountered in clinical practice.
Such infections can be caused by a number of bacteria that gain entrance into your body via cuts, scrapes, bites or open wounds. Even bacteria that normally live on your skin can cause an infection when introduced into your body this way.
Skin and soft tissue infections account for more than 14 million hospital visits each year, costing the health care system an estimated $24 billion.
Unfortunately, many infections are becoming increasingly difficult to treat. Antibiotic overuse has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, also known as MRSA.
Finding effective countermeasures to this growing public health threat has turned out few options, but the remedy may be as simple as colored light.
According to a new proof-of-principle study,1 blue light can selectively eliminate infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. According to lead researcher Michael R. Hamblin of the Massachusetts General Hospital:2
"Microbes replicate very rapidly, and a mutation that helps a microbe survive in the presence of an antibiotic drug will quickly predominate throughout the microbial population. Recently, a dangerous new enzyme, NDM-1, that makes some bacteria resistant to almost all antibiotics available has been found in the United States. Many physicians are concerned that several infections soon may be untreatable.Blue light is a potential non-toxic, non-antibiotic approach for treating skin and soft tissue infections, especially those caused by antibiotic resistant pathogens."
Could Blue Light Replace Antibiotics?
In the study, lab animals were infected with P. aeruginosa. Incredibly, ALL of the animals treated with blue light survived, while 82 percent of the controls died. Could this possibly be the beginning of a whole new treatment paradigm for infections? Clearly, we’re nearing the end of the road of the antibiotic era, as antibiotic-resistance spreads.
Blue light therapy has also been shown to be effective against MRSA and other resistant bugs, offering new hope for effective treatments.
In a previous study published in 2009,3 over 90 percent of community acquired and hospital acquired strains of MRSA were successfully eradicated within mere minutes of exposure to blue light. According to the authors:
----------------------
In plasmonics, 'optical losses' could bring practical gain
January 26, 2016
What researchers had thought of as a barrier to developing advanced technologies based on the emerging field of plasmonics is now seen as a potential pathway to practical applications in areas from cancer therapy to nanomanufacturing.
Plasmonic materials contain features, patterns or elements that enable unprecedented control of light by harnessing clouds of electrons called surface plasmons. It could allow the miniaturization of optical technologies, bringing advances such as nano-resolution imaging and computer chips that process and transmit data using light instead of electrons, representing a potential leap in performance.
However, the development of advanced optical technologies using plasmonics has been hampered because components under development cause too much light to be lost and converted into heat. But now researchers are finding that this "loss-induced plasmonic heating" could be key to development of various advanced technologies, said Vladimir M. Shalaev, co-director of the new Purdue Quantum Center, scientific director of nanophotonics at the Birck Nanotechnology Center in the university's Discovery Park and a distinguished professor of electrical and computer engineering.
http://phys.org/news/2016-01-plasmonics-optical-losses-gain.html
------------
ESA's Proba-V infrared sensor has a future in medicine and industry
March 12, 2015
http://www.gizmag.com/esa-proba-v-infrared-sensor-terrestrial-uses/36518/
--------------------
Low level laser therapy
Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a form of laser medicine used in physical therapy and veterinary treatment that uses low-level (low-power) lasers or light-emitting diodes
to alter cellular function. Other names for the therapy include
low-power laser, soft laser, cold laser, biostimulation laser,
therapeutic laser, and laser acupuncture.[1] Whereas high-power lasers ablate tissue, low-power lasers are claimed to stimulate it and to encourage the cells to function.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_level_laser_therapy
----------------------------------
Veterinary Use of Laser Therapy Expands
April 05, 2011
http://healthypets.mercola.com/sites/healthypets/archive/2011/04/05/veterinary-use-of-laser-therapy-for-pets-expands.aspx
Laser therapy works in a number of ways to heal injuries and manage pain. Among them:
- It increases the release of endorphins (natural painkillers).
- Laser therapy decreases inflammation, which helps return tissue to a normal state.
- It restores metabolic function.
---------------------
History of Cold Laser Therapy
http://www.spine-health.com/treatment/pain-management/history-cold-laser-therapy
Cold Laser Therapy has been used in clinical practice all around the
world for over four decades. In 1916, Albert Einstein conceived the
theory of Light Amplification through Stimulated Emission of Radiation
or LASER. In 1967, Professor Andre Mester began using low power lasers
in medicine. Dr. Mester is recognized by many as the grandfather of
laser therapy.
The first experimental FDA clearance of Class 3B Lasers occurred in February of 2002, after a successful study for carpal tunnel syndrome on workers at General Motors. The laser that was used had a power of 90mw at 830nm.
Certain low level laser devices are also FDA approved for relief of the following conditions3,4:
- Muscle and joint pain
- Stiffness associated with arthritis
- Pain associated with muscle spasms
- Hand pain and wrist pain associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Neck pain
- Lower back pain
- Wound healing
--------------------
Cold Laser Therapy Advantages and Disadvantages
http://www.spine-health.com/treatment/pain-management/cold-laser-therapy-advantages-and-disadvantages
-------------
Laser Light Could Make Flu Vaccine 7 Times More Effective
http://www.popsci.com/article/science/laser-light-could-make-flu-vaccine-7-times-more-effective
-----------------------
----------------------
Near-Infrared Laser Adjuvant for Influenza Vaccine
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0082899
--------------
Laser vaccine adjuvants
- Received: 14 Feb 2014
- Accepted: 9 Apr 2014
- Published online: 29 Apr 2014
Immunologic adjuvants are essential for current vaccines to maximize
their efficacy. Unfortunately, few have been found to be sufficiently
effective and safe for regulatory authorities to permit their use in
vaccines for humans and none have been approved for use with intradermal
vaccines. The development of new adjuvants with the potential to be
both efficacious and safe constitutes a significant need in modern
vaccine practice. The use of non-damaging laser light represents a
markedly different approach to enhancing immune responses to a vaccine
antigen, particularly with intradermal vaccination. This approach, which
was initially explored in Russia and further developed in the US,
appears to significantly improve responses to both prophylactic and
therapeutic vaccines administered to the laser-exposed tissue,
particularly the skin. Although different types of lasers have been used
for this purpose and the precise molecular mechanism(s) of action
remain unknown, several approaches appear to modulate dendritic cell
trafficking and/or activation at the irradiation site via the release of
specific signaling molecules from epithelial cells. The most recent
study, performed by the authors of this review, utilized a continuous
wave near-infrared laser that may open the path for the development of a
safe, effective, low-cost, simple-to-use laser vaccine adjuvant that
could be used in lieu of conventional adjuvants, particularly with
intradermal vaccines. In this review, we summarize the initial Russian
studies that have given rise to this approach and comment upon recent
advances in the use of non-tissue damaging lasers as novel physical
adjuvants for vaccines.
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.4161/hv.28840?journalCode=khvi20#preview
----------------------------
ESA's Proba-V infrared sensor has a future in medicine and industry
http://www.gizmag.com/esa-proba-v-infrared-sensor-terrestrial-uses/36518/
-------
Discover the Benefits of K-Laser Class 4 Laser Therapy Treatments
July 28, 2013
What You Need to Know About Lasers
Lasers are classified according to their power output:
The most significant issue with the clinical use of lasers is the depth of penetration. Some practitioners make the mistake of using low-power Class 3 lasers, which basically amounts to a standard laser pointer.
- Class 3a—maximum of 5 milliwatts of power (standard laser pointer)
- Class 3b—maximum of 500 milliwatts/0.5 watts
- Class 4—anything over 500 milliwatts/0.5 watts
Most class 3a lasers only use a red wavelength – 635 nanometers in the visible red. When you look at the depth of penetration with laser, red laser light only penetrates about one to two millimeters (far less than 1/8 inch) into the human body.
Granted, red laser is highly useful for treating superficial wounds, cuts, abrasions, and perhaps even for the treatment of vitiligo, but they will not penetrate far enough for deep seated pain reduction. However, infrared lasers (around 800 nanometers) penetrate far deeper and able to go several centimeters, into your body which will reach most tissue injuries.
Power is also another crucial factor when it comes to laser therapy. Power is measured in watts, and you can think of it as the brightness of the light. A higher-powered laser is a brighter light, and it can produce more energy per unit of time. When it comes to doing laser therapy treatment, a higher-powered laser (Class 4) provides two benefits:
- A therapeutic dose of laser light can be applied to a much larger volume of tissue
- By shining that brighter light at the surface, photons of light are able to penetrate deeper into the tissues, which allows you to treat deep-seated pain conditions
------------
The Effect of Low-Level Laser in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Aug, 2009
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19530911
-------------
Photonic device that could change physics and lasers forever
04 June 2024
SciTechDaily carries an article about Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute researchers who have developed the first topological quantum simulator device in the strong light-matter interaction regime, Caliber.Az reprints the article.
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute researchers have developed the first topological quantum simulator device in the strong light-matter interaction regime that operates at room temperature, revolutionizing quantum studies and laser efficiency, and making advanced research more accessible.
Researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) have fabricated a device no wider than a human hair that will help physicists investigate the fundamental nature of matter and light. Their findings, published in the journal Nature Nanotechnology, could also support the development of more efficient lasers, which are used in fields ranging from medicine to manufacturing.
The device is made of a special kind of material called a photonic topological insulator. A photonic topological insulator can guide photons, the wave-like particles that make up light, to interfaces specifically designed within the material while also preventing these particles from scattering through the material itself.
https://caliber.az/en/post/photonic-device-that-could-change-physics-and-lasers-forever
-
Harmonizing single photons with a laser pulse
26 April 2022
A fast laser pulse stimulates the decay in a quantum dot and suppresses the timing uncertainty in the generation of single photons, which substantially improves the coherence of the source.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-022-01117-0
-
Researchers demonstrate the world's first white lasers
July 29, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-07-world-white-lasers.html?utm_source=menu&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=item-menu
----------
NASA Beams Mona Lisa to Moon with Laser
January 17, 2013
Call it the ultimate in high art: Using a well-timed laser, NASA
scientists have beamed a picture of Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece, the
Mona Lisa, to a powerful spacecraft orbiting the moon, marking a first
in laser communication.
http://www.space.com/19323-mona-lisa-moon-laser-photo.html
---------
Paintballs to deflect killer-asteroids
Mar 07, 2013
Having reviewed these traditional asteroid deflection techniques, Sung
Wook Paek, a graduate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
suggests an unusual alternative: Mr Paek proposes using paintballs to
pull an asteroid off course.
The argument behind Mr Paek's idea is reasonably simple; after measuring the velocity and rotation of an incoming asteroid,
two unmanned spacecraft would approach the celestial body close enough
to be able to shoot large clouds of white paintballs at it! Two probes
would be needed because, as the asteroid rotates, a shot from only one
spacecraft would not cover the entire asteroid with white paint and so
the first probe strikes one side of the asteroid, the second probe
covers the other.
The white paint would reflect light and other electromagnetic radiation
from the asteroid's surface, and, over time, the cumulative effect of
billions of photons would result in the asteroid changing course. The
white paint would effectively act as a 'solar sail', increasing the
balance of solar radiation absorbed and emitted by the asteroid, gently
easing it away from its original destination.
Another deflection technique, also based on light reflectivity or laser
sublimation was proposed by a team of American researchers who suggested
launching a swarm of 'mirror bees' towards the potential killer.
Tiny probes, equipped with mirrors, would position themselves in such a
way as to reflect a concentration of sunlight on one specific point of
the asteroid. This 'beam of light' would then generate enough heat for
it to start to vaporise, creating propulsive gas jets. In essence,
vapour emitted from the asteroid would push it off-course.
Alternatively, the asteroid might 'simply' be wrapped in reflective
'foil'.
http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Paintballs_to_deflect_killer_asteroids_999.html
------------
Laser Bees
What do we do if an asteroid is found to be on a collision course with Earth? At this point, the answer is not clear, so The Planetary Society has partnered with researchers to discover ways to protect Earth when we one-day find a dangerous space rock.
We've been working with a team at the University of Strathclyde and
the University of Glasgow in Scotland to study a new technique which
uses concentrated light to gently move an asteroid -- a project we
called "Mirror Bees" -- using mirrors on several
spacecraft swarming around an asteroid to focus sunlight onto a spot on
the asteroid. As part of the initial Mirror Bees project, researchers
found that lasers are more effective than mirrors and can be used from
greater distances. So, now the project is called "Laser Bees."
http://www.planetary.org/explore/projects/laser-bees/
-----------
Physicist unveils plan for entangling massive objects
August 5, 2015
Schnabel's plan is to
place two of the mirrors in a Michelson-type interferometer in such a
way as to have both sides of both mirrors hit by light that is sent in.
The mirrors would also be placed in the interferometer in a way that
would allow them to oscillate when struck by the light. This would allow
for momentum to be transferred between the mirrors and the light. The
mirror oscillations would then have an impact on the phase of the
reflected light, causing the momentum and the light to become entangled.
At that point, the entanglement could be "swapped" to the mirrors,
causing them to be entangled, by measuring the light beams as they exit.
http://phys.org/news/2015-08-physicist-unveils-entangling-massive.html#jCp
--------------
July 2013
DE-STAR
is designed to vaporize or divert asteroids that threaten Earth. This
isn't science fiction—I build things that have to work in practice.
DE-STAR stands for Directed Energy Solar Targeting of Asteroids and
exploRation. It looks like an open matchbook with lasers on one flap and
a photovoltaic panel for power from sunlight on the other. By
synchronizing the laser beams, we can create a phased array, which
produces a steerable 70-gigawatt beam. An onboard system receives orders
on what to target. Our laser beam would then produce a spot about 100
feet in diameter on an asteroid that's as far away from the satellite as
we are from the sun. The laser would raise an asteroid's surface
temperature to thousands of degrees Celsius—hot enough that all known
substances evaporate. In less than an hour, DE-STAR could have
completely vaporized the asteroid that broke up over Russia this winter,
if we had seen it coming. Plus, as the material evaporates, it creates a
thrust in the opposite direction, comparable to the space shuttle's
rocket booster. That means you could divert the asteroid by changing its
orbit with a shorter laser blast.
DE-STAR could also power things on Earth or in space. You could send
the electrical power it produces—not via laser beam but via microwaves.
Or you could use the laser to directly propel spacecraft. But here's the
thing: For full-blown asteroid vaporization, each flap of the matchbook
would have to be six miles long. We've never built a structure this
size in space, but if there were the worldwide will, I could see
building this within 30 to 50 years. But since it's completely modular,
we propose starting smaller. We could begin with a version that's three
feet per side right now. With that, you could cook your dinner from 600
miles away.
—Philip Lubin is a physicist at UC Santa Barbara and
co-inventor of DE-STAR with statistician Gary Hughes, of California
Polytechnic State University.
This article originally appeared in the July 2013 issue of Popular Science.
http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2013-06/death-star
------------------------------------------------
Researchers use laser to levitate, glowing nanodiamonds in vacuum
September 7, 2015
Researchers
have, for the first time, levitated individual nanodiamonds in vacuum.
The research team is led by Nick Vamivakas at the University of
Rochester who thinks their work will make extremely sensitive
instruments for sensing tiny forces and torques possible, as well as a
way to physically create larger-scale quantum systems known as macroscopic Schrödinger Cat states.
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2015-09-laser-levitate-nanodiamonds-vacuum.html#jCp
-------
Scientists Produce Unprecedented 1 Megajoule Laser Shot, Step Towards Fusion Ignition
January 28, 2010
US
scientists have produced a laser shot with an unprecedented energy
level that could be a key step towards nuclear fusion, the US National
Nuclear Security Administration said Wednesday.
http://phys.org/news/2010-01-scientists-unprecedented-megajoule-laser-shot.html#nRlv
----------
Physicists demonstrate conditions for laser-driven fusion
March 15, 2011
Currently, commercial nuclear power plants generate electricity using nuclear fission, in which an atom’s nucleus is split into lighter nuclei. But scientists are also researching the reverse reaction, nuclear fusion, in which two light atomic nuclei fuse to form a single heavier nucleus. Compared with fission, fusion has the potential to produce less radioactive waste while still generating large amounts of energy.http://phys.org/news/2011-03-physicists-conditions-laser-driven-fusion.html#nRlv
---------
First atomic X-ray laser created
January 25, 2012
Scientists working at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory have created the shortest, purest X-ray laser pulses ever achieved, fulfilling a 45-year-old prediction and opening the door to a new range of scientific discovery.
The
researchers, reporting today in Nature, aimed SLAC's Linac Coherent
Light Source (LCLS) at a capsule of neon gas, setting off an avalanche
of X-ray emissions to create the world's first "atomic X-ray laser."
http://phys.org/news/2012-01-atomic-x-ray-laser.html#nRlv
----------
New laser power converters transmit power further and better
July 28, 2025
Generating Megatesla Magnetic Fields on Earth Using Intense-Laser-Driven Microtube Implosions
A team of researchers led by Osaka University discovers “microtube implosion,” a novel mechanism that demonstrates the generation of megatesla-order magnetic fields.
Magnetic fields are used in various areas of modern physics and engineering, with practical applications ranging from doorbells to maglev trains. Since Nikola Tesla’s discoveries in the 19th century, researchers have strived to realize strong magnetic fields in laboratories for fundamental studies and diverse applications, but the magnetic strength of familiar examples are relatively weak. Geomagnetism is 0.3−0.5 gauss (G) and magnetic tomography (MRI) used in hospitals is about 1 tesla (T = 104 G). By contrast, future magnetic fusion and maglev trains will require magnetic fields on the kilotesla (kT = 107 G) order. To date, the highest magnetic fields experimentally observed are on the kT order.
Recently, scientists at Osaka University discovered a novel mechanism called a “microtube implosion,” and demonstrated the generation of megatesla (MT = 1010G) order magnetic fields via particle simulations using a supercomputer. Astonishingly, this is three orders of magnitude higher than what has ever been achieved in a laboratory. Such high magnetic fields are expected only in celestial bodies like neutron stars and black holes.
-
New technique for capturing ultra-intense laser pulses in a single shot
26 June 2025
Physicists at the University of Oxford have unveiled a pioneering method for capturing the full structure of ultra-intense laser pulses in a single measurement. The breakthrough, published in close collaboration with Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich and the Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, could revolutionise the ability to control light-matter interactions. This would have transformative applications in many areas, including research into new forms of physics and realising the extreme intensities required for fusion energy research. The results have been published today in Nature Photonics.
https://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/news/new-technique-capturing-ultra-intense-laser-pulses-single-shot
-
Nanostructures Enable Record High-Harmonic Generation From Ultra-Intense Laser Pulses
Nanostructures enable record high-harmonic generation. Researchers have developed nanostructures that enable record-breaking conversion of laser pulses into high-harmonic generation, paving the way for new scientific tools for high-resolution imaging.
“It opens up new opportunities to study matter at ultrahigh fields, a regime not readily accessible before,” Shcherbakov said. “With our method, we envision that people can study materials beyond metasurfaces, including but not limited to crystals, 2D materials, single atoms, artificial atomic lattices and other quantum systems. “
-
Chip-Based Optical Tweezers Levitate Nanoparticles in a Vacuum
21 October 2021
WASHINGTON — Researchers have created tiny chip-based optical tweezers that can be used to optically levitate nanoparticles in a vacuum. Optical tweezers — which employ a tightly focused laser beam to hold living cells, nanoparticles and other objects — can be used for a variety of precision measurements and sensing applications. However, these optical traps are usually produced with bulky optical components.
“By using an ultrathin metalens, we reduced the diameter of the focusing lens from about 25 mm to about 0.4 mm,” said research team leader Tongcang Li from Purdue University. “The chip-based design can be used to create an integrated and flexible optical system for studying near-surface forces by trapping an object less than 1 micrometer away from a surface. It might also be useful for trapping cold atoms in a vacuum to study quantum processes.”
In Optica, Optica Publishing Group’s journal for high-impact research, researchers at Purdue University and Pennsylvania State University report the first realization of on-chip optical levitation in a vacuum with an ultrathin metalens. Accomplishing this feat in a vacuum helps improve the sensitivity of the system.
“Optically levitated particles can be used to create accelerometers and gyroscopes that could potentially be used in navigation,” said Li. “Scientists are also using optically levitated particles to search for dark matter and dark energy and to study gravity at short distances, which will deepen our understanding of nature.”
-
-
The
following will discuss Lazers as weapons, including the use of lazers,
being used for weather modification. Companies such as DuPont, and
Boeing, want to make lazers, for the use in the war industry. The people
need to be cautious, of giving too much technological power, to one
group of people. Often, we can see how new technology, can be abused in
warfare, and on the environment as well.
Indium phosphide, Diode Lazers & Dupont
Lazers & Dupont
Diode lazer
DuPont originally began the
research into building a blue diode laser for CD read/write devices,
however they were unable to make the lasers suitable for commercial use.
AdvR licensed the patents from DuPont and received BMDO funding to
create a solid-state replacement for the Argon-ion laser.
http://www.mdatechnology.net/techprofile.aspx?id=555
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DuPont - LASER WELDING
http://www2.dupont.com/Hyundai_Kia/en_US/assets/downloads/presentations/Laser%20Welding_Korea_Fujita.pdf
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DuPont Introduces Water Resistant Somos(R) 7110 Epoxy Resin for Helium Cadmium Laser Systems -
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/DuPont+Introduces+Water+Resistant+Somos%28R%29+7110+Epoxy+Resin+for...-a019781521
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A. Felix du Pont, Jr. -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Felix_du_Pont,_Jr.
Known for being a philanthropist
For
five years, Felix du Pont worked for the family owned DuPont and for a
short time became involved in the investment business. With a lifelong
interest in aviation, he partnered with brother Richard to found All
American Aviation Company which became Allegheny Airlines and eventually
US Airways. He later was a vice president of the Piasecki Helicopter
Corp. of which he and Laurence Rockefeller were early investors on its
founding in 1946.
( Piasecki
Helicopter Corporation was a designer and manufacturer of helicopters
located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and nearby Morton, Pennsylvania in
the late 1940s and the 1950s. Its founder, Frank Piasecki, was ousted
from the company in 1956 and started a new company, Piasecki Aircraft. Piasecki Helicopter was renamed Vertol Corporation in early 1956.
Vertol was acquired by Boeing in 1960 and renamed Boeing Vertol. -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piasecki_Helicopter )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Electric Laser Race Heats Up
http://sites.psu.edu/thebigbangtheory/2012/10/29/the-holographic-excitation/Not wanting to be left out of the race to field compact battlefield lasers, Boeing announced yesterday that it’s tested its own solid-state laser technology. "In each laser firing at Boeing’s facility in West Hills, Calif., the high-energy laser achieved power levels of over 25 kilowatts for multi-second durations, with a measured beam quality suitable for a tactical weapon system," says Boeing.
What’s interesting about this announcement is that Boeing is not part of the Defense Department’s Joint High-Powered Solid State Laser, a program that has funded Northrop Grumman and Textron to build a deployable laser weapon. Boeing at one point teamed with the Livermore lab on a solid-state work, but that laser, which was powerful but large, was not selected by the program for funding. Similarly, Raytheon also has a solid state laser that was passed over for funding. Both Livermore and Raytheon have continued their solid-state laser work on their own dime, however. Boeing, until this point, did not appear to be that active on solid-state lasers, and it appears this new effort is self-funded.
ALSO:
- Russian ‘Expert’: Soviets Had Laser Cannons First
- Laser Gunship Blasts Beams, Preps for ’08 Flight Test
- Marines Request ‘Long-Range Blow Torch’ for Iraq
- Lasers-Only on "Gunless" Gunship
- Air Force Eyes Energy Shields, Microwave Bombs
- Navy Pushing Laser ‘Holy Grail’ to Weapons Grade
- Laser Jet Zaps Animated Missiles, Spouts Jargon
- Israel’s Military Shoots Down Laser Cannon
- Israelis Sue Government for Laser Cannon
- Laser Weapons Better Against Rockets?
- Second life for Laser Defense?
- Ray Gun "Holy Grail" Aims for Battlefield Strength
- Monster Truck Gets a Laser
- Laser Death Star
- Laser Weapons Closing in on Reality
- Real-Life Laser Rifle: Army Goal
- Flipper Fires Lasers in Air Force Brief
- Laser Relays Live!
- Vice vs. the Flying Lightsaber
- Laser Jet Over Oklahoma
- Congress Slashes Flying Lightsaber
- Pentagon Report: No More ‘Death Rays’
- Spooky Math for "Flying Lightsaber"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boeing Laser Systems Destroy Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Tests
Boeing's Matrix laser
http://news.cnet.com/2300-11386_3-10012168-17.html--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Neither rain, nor fog, nor wind stops Boeing's laser weapon destroying targets
September 8, 2014http://www.gizmag.com/boeing-laser-directed-energy-weapon-fog/33672/
---------------
Lockheed Martin begins manufacturing vehicle-mounted laser weapon
October 8, 2015Lockheed Martin announced this week that production of a new laser weapon system has begun at the company's Bothell, Washington facility. The high-powered laser weapon modules will be used as the heart of a 60-kilowatt system designed to be fitted to a US Army vehicle.
The laser can be operated by a single person and is made up of multiple fiber laser modules, which not only allows for greater flexibility, but also lessens the chance of the weapon being knocked out by a minor malfunction, so frequent repairs aren't required. Lockheed Martin also says that the modular design means that the laser power can be varied across an extremely wide range to suit specific mission needs. Using off-the-shelf commercial fiber laser components to keep down costs, the modules can be linked together to produce lasers of up to 120 kW.
http://www.gizmag.com/lockheed-martin-athena-laser-weapon-manufacture/39753/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
----------------------
MIRACL
MIRACL, or Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser, is a directed energy weapon developed by the US Navy. It is a deuterium fluoride laser, a type of chemical laser.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIRACL
--------------
Tactical High Energy Laser
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_High_Energy_Laser--------------
Electrolaser
An electrolaser is a type of electroshock weapon which is also a directed-energy weapon. It uses lasers to form an electrically conductive laser-induced plasma channel (LIPC). A fraction of a second later, a powerful electric current is sent down this plasma channel and delivered to the target, thus functioning overall as a large-scale, high energy, long-distance version of the Taser electroshock gun.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolaser
---------------
Laser Weapons
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZxcwlJ30uAw
--------------------------
Sonic weapon
Sonic and ultrasonic weapons (USW) are weapons of various types that use sound to injure, incapacitate, or kill an opponent. Some sonic weapons are currently in limited use or in research and development by military and police forces. Others exist only in the realm of science fiction. Some of these weapons have been described as sonic bullets, sonic grenades, sonic mines, or sonic cannons. Some make a focused beam of sound or ultrasound; some make an area field of sound.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_weapon
----------------------------
Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_on_Blinding_Laser_Weapons
----------------------
Solid-state laser
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_laser
A solid-state laser is a laser that uses a gain medium that is a solid, rather than a liquid such as in dye lasers or a gas as in gas lasers. Semiconductor-based lasers are also in the solid state, but are generally considered as a separate class from solid-state lasers (see Laser diode).
Solid-state lasers are being developed as optional weapons for the F-35 Lightning II, and are reaching near-operational status, as well as the introduction of Northrop Grumman's FIRESTRIKE laser weapon system. In April 2011 the United States Navy tested a high energy solid state laser. The exact range is classified, but they said it fired "miles not yards".
-----------
Lockheed Martin Weapon Prototype Immobilizes Truck Over A Mile Away 'In Matter Of Seconds': Here's How
March 7th, 2015
http://www.techtimes.com/articles/38044/20150307/lockheed-martin-weapon-prototype-immobilizes-truck-over-a-mile-away-in-matter-of-seconds-heres-how.htm
ATHENA was designed based on Lockheed Martin's Area Defense
Anti-Munitions (ADAM) laser weapon system used in demonstrations against
small airborne and sea-based targets. Lockheed Martin developed a
technique called spectral beam combining together three 10-kilowatt
fiber laser modules into a single, powerful, high-quality 30-kilowatt
beam that is more powerful than its 10-kilowatt components.
------------------------
Shooting lightning out of the sky
New methods to make longer streams of plasma with greater longevity could lead to laser-powered lightning rods
- Date:
- September 24, 2015
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150924124045.htm
-----------------------
Boeing says laser weapon a success in Pentagon testing
2013
Boeing Co.'s Directed Energy Systems division says it has achieved a sufficient level of power and beam quality to allow a solid-state laser system to be deployed to battlefields. The system - which could eventually bring down rockets and drones and destroy IEDs with a blast of light- is part of a major effort towards the development of directed energy weapons.
Boeing announced last week its Thin Disk Laser System, which uses a series of high-powered industrial lasers to generate a single concentrated, high-energy beam, has achieved the required thresholds for power and beam quality during demonstrations for the Department of Defense's Robust Electric Laser Initiative, or RELI, effort.http://blog.al.com/breaking/2013/08/one_step_closer_to_star_wars_b.html
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Boeing to be awarded contract for Laser SDB
The US Air Force intends to award Boeing a contract to develop and test a new laser-guided version of its 250lb (113kg) small diameter bomb (SDB).
The company says that the weapons can carry out many of the functions of Raytheon’s SDB II, which has a tri-modal seeker with millimeter wave radar, infrared, and semi-active laser guidance capabilities, at far lower cost. The new weapon is based on Boeing’s laser joint direct attack munition (JDAM) technology.
http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2013/06/boeing-to-be-awarded-contract/#sthash.wOJQCrub.dpuf
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Raytheon Government Agencies and Companies to Come to Consensus on Weather Modification
2012
Weather Modification Association Annual Meeting, 2005
PDF: Raytheon says more WEATHER MODIFICATION!
http://r3zn8d.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/raytheon-says-moar-weather-modification.pdf
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Connecting the Raytheon, AMS, Lockheed, HAARP, NOAA, General Dynamics and DARPA dots….
Defense Advanced Research Program Association, or DARPA, has contracted co-operation command of the Highly Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP)
electromagnetic microwave ionospheric heater in Gakona, Alaska, for
military communication and weapon “defense” purposes. They also take
part in biological warfare “testing” over land, water, and city, whereby
defense contractor jets, such as those crafted especially for war or
weather programs by BAE Systems (owner of the HAARP facility) or Raytheon (owner of the HAARP
patent), for the Navy and Air Force and NATO, disperse hazardous toxins
into the air and then attempt to eradicate them with chemicals or
jet-mounted microwave radiation weapons (like AESA). In addition, the
Lockheed Martin and Boeing corporations joined up in a B2B contract with
BAE and Raytheon, hardware and software hosted by none other than
Microsoft, so that their defense contractor industry market could remain
consistently and wirelessly networked, and would never be halted by
distance, time, or situational awareness. The NOAA, a
member of the Weather Modification Operations and Research Board,
(partnered on that board with the American Meteorological Society and
the National Science Foundation) sold its weather reporting functionality to Raytheon,
who operates it now under the name Advanced Weather Information
Processing System. Raytheon happens to contract many of its services and
industrial airliners to the tune of global weather modification
programs, such as those ever popular “global warming mitigation” or
“global dimming” programs, (whereby jets utilizing liquid propane,
liquid nitrogen, silver iodide, potassium chlorate, barium oxide,
acrylamides, and trimethyl aluminum, spray these chemicals to replace
cloud cover over entire countries) and, they’ve even managed to create,
through their sub-company General Dynamics Robotics, Unmanned Autonomous
Vehicles such as the Global Hawk that can fly for 72 hours, with a
payload of 20,000 lbs or more, running entirely on programming and
artificial intelligence microwave signal networking, without landing or
refueling. It’s not just local chemical “cloud seeding” or “storm
prevention” anymore, as is still practiced by the state-and-regional
program member companies of the Weather Modification Association.
http://geoengineeringwatch.org/html/weatherreportedbyraytheon.html
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Free Electron Laser (FEL)
http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military/research/8-laser-weapon-systems-to-zap-planes-boats-and-people#slide-6
Power: 100-kw class
In 1989 Boeing was awarded a contract to build a unique laser weapon made from a Free Electron Laser—essentially a laser made out of a particle accelerator.
After all these years, though, Boeing
still has plenty of work to do to actually build serious FEL weapons.
At minimum, the laser would need to reach 100 kilowatts, and so far the
free electron laser power record is only 14. Pogue hopes to reach 100
kilowatts in the lab by 2015—and then figure out how the heck to get a
particle accelerator on a ship.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
World's most powerful laser to tear apart the vacuum of space
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/8857154/Worlds-most-powerful-laser-to-tear-apart-the-vacuum-of-space.html
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How we recreated the early universe in the laboratory
May 12, 2015
- Instead of focusing our attention on
immense particle accelerators, we turned to the ultra-intense lasers
available at the Central Laser Facility at the Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory in Oxfordshire, UK. We used an ultra-high vacuum chamber with
an air pressure corresponding to a hundredth of a millionth of our
atmosphere to shoot an ultra-short and intense laser pulse (hundred
billions of billions more intense that sunlight on the Earth surface)
onto a nitrogen gas. This stripped off the gas' electrons and
accelerated them to a speed extremely close to that of light.
The
beam then collided with a block of lead, which slowed them down again.
As they slowed down they emitted particles of light, photons, which
created pairs of electrons and their anti-particle, the positron, when
they collided with nuclei of the lead sample. A chain-reaction of this
process gave rise to the plasma.
However, this
experimental achievement was not without effort. The laser beam had to
be guided and controlled with micrometer precision, and the detectors
had to be finely calibrated and shielded – resulting in frequent long
nights in the laboratory.
But it was well worth it as
the development means an exciting branch of physics is opening up. Apart
from investigating the important matter-antimatter asymmetry, by
looking at how these plasmas interact with ultra powerful laser beams,
we can also study how this plasma propagates in vacuum and in a
low-density medium. This would be effectively recreating conditions
similar to the generation of gamma-ray bursts, some of the most luminous
events ever recorded in our universe.
http://phys.org/news/2015-05-recreated-early-universe-laboratory.html#jCp
--------
No Big Bang? Quantum equation predicts universe has no beginning
Feb 09, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-02-big-quantum-equation-universe.html
---------------------------
Holometer rules out first theory of space-time correlations
December 4, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-12-holometer-theory-space-time.html
The Holometer is a deceptively simple device. It uses a pair of laser interferometers placed close to one another, each sending a one-kilowatt beam of light through a beam splitter and down two perpendicular arms, 40 meters each. The light is then reflected back into the beam splitter where the two beams recombine. If no motion has occurred, then the recombined beam will be the same as the original beam. But if fluctuations in brightness are observed, researchers will then analyze these fluctuations to see if the splitter is moving in a certain way, being carried along on a jitter of space itself.
According to Fermilab's Aaron Chou, project manager of the Holometer experiment, the collaboration looked to the work done to design other, similar instruments, such as the one used in the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) experiment. Chou said that once the Holometer team realized that this technology could be used to study the quantum fluctuation they were after, the work of other collaborations using laser interferometers (including LIGO) was invaluable.
"No one has ever applied this technology in this way before," Chou said. "A small team, mostly students, built an instrument nearly as sensitive as LIGO's to look for something completely different."
The challenge for researchers using the Holometer is to eliminate all other sources of movement until they are left with a fluctuation they cannot explain. According to Fermilab's Chris Stoughton, scientist on the Holometer experiment, the process of taking data was one of constantly adjusting the machine to remove more noise.
"You would run the machine for a while, take data, and then try to get rid of all the fluctuation you could see before running it again," he said. "The origin of the phenomenon we're looking for is a billion billion times smaller than a proton, and the Holometer is extremely sensitive, so it picks up a lot of outside sources, such as wind and traffic."
If the Holometer were to see holographic noise that researchers could not eliminate, it might be detecting noise that is intrinsic to space-time, which may mean that information in our universe could actually be encoded in tiny packets in two dimensions.
The fact that the Holometer ruled out his theory to a high level of significance proves that it can probe time and space at previously unimagined scales, Hogan said. It also proves that if this quantum jitter exists, it is either much smaller than the Holometer can detect, or is moving in directions the current instrument is not configured to observe.
So what's next? Hogan said the Holometer team will continue to take and analyze data, and will publish more general and more sensitive studies of holographic noise. The collaboration already released a result related to the study of gravitational waves.
And Hogan is already putting forth a new model of holographic structure that would require similar instruments of the same sensitivity, but different configurations sensitive to the rotation of space. The Holometer, he said, will serve as a template for an entirely new field of experimental science.
"It's new technology, and the Holometer is just the first example of a new way of studying exotic correlations," Hogan said. "It is just the first glimpse through a newly invented microscope."
-----------------------------
Nanoparticles found to violate second law of thermodynamics
April 3, 2014
It may be a little late for April Fool's, but some skepticism is
nonetheless warranted when reading that researchers have shown
nanoparticles to disobey a fundamental law of physics which dictates the
flow of entropy and heat in, it was believed, any situation.
Specifically, researchers from three universities theoretically proposed
then demonstrated that a nanoparticle in a state of thermal
non-equilibrium does not always behave as larger particles might under
the same conditions, with implications for various fields of research.
The second law of thermodynamics is the one that
makes perpetual motion machines impossible. It states that the entropy –
the measure for the disorder of a system – of any isolated system
cannot decrease spontaneously, with the system evolving towards the
state of maximum entropy (favoring disorder). The team has shown that a
nanoparticle trapped with laser light temporarily violates this law.
This seeming violation of universal law is transient, something that the
researchers first derived as a mathematical model of fluctuations
expected at the nanoscale.
http://www.gizmag.com/nanoparticles-violate-law-thermodynamics/31491/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
---------------------
Quantum time freezing: Lasers freeze quantum states a thousand times longer
Using powerful laser and X-ray pulses, researchers from Harvard and the Scherrer Institute have succeeded in breaking electronic symmetry and trapping a long-lasting quantum state – a move that could lead to breakthroughs in information storage and optoelectronic devices.
https://hayadan.com/quantum-time-freeze
-
This laser implosion just created a magnetic field like a neutron star
July 16, 2025
A new twist on magnetism: Helical currents from blade implosions
A powerful new technique harnesses swirling plasma inside laser-blasted microtubes to produce record-breaking magnetic fields—rivaling those near neutron stars—all within a compact laboratory setup. This innovation promises to transform astrophysics, quantum research, and fusion energy experiments by unleashing megatesla-level forces using nothing more than targeted laser pulses and clever engineering.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/07/250716000839.htm
-
-
Scientists announce breakthrough in quest for fusion power
February 13, 2014
http://www.gizmag.com/fusion-breakthrough/30814/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
In a perfect example of beating swords into plowshares, a team of
scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's (LLNL)
National Ignition Facility (NIF) in California reached a milestone in
the quest for practical fusion power using a process designed for the
development and testing of nuclear weapons. The announcement in the
February 12 issue of Nature claims that the team used the
world’s most powerful laser barrage to produce a controlled fusion
reaction where more energy was extracted from the fuel than was put into
it.
If there is an ultimate engineering dream, then
nuclear fusion is about as close as close as one can get. By literally
harnessing the power of the stars, it holds the promise of what is, for
all practical purposes, unlimited clean energy. Since man-made fusion
was first demonstrated in 1951 with a boosted fission weapon, scientists and engineers have worked on some way to produce a practical fusion reactor instead of a hydrogen bomb.
The story of the fusion reactor is one of both great
progress, but also constant frustration. When work began, the first
reactor was predicted to be 25 years away. Since then and up until
today, it’s still 25 years away. That’s because although nuclear fusion
is relatively simple in theory, getting a controlled reaction started
outside of the heart of a star is extremely difficult. The trick is to
reach the “ignition” point, where the energy released by the reactor is
greater than what’s put into it and the reaction becomes
self-sustaining.
A fusion reactor works by simulating the conditions
inside the Sun. Put simply, hydrogen atoms fuse in the Sun because its
huge mass squashes the atoms together to form helium, releasing huge
amounts of energy as the strong nuclear force that keeps them apart is
overcome. A hydrogen bomb does the same thing, only with a fission bomb
creating the necessary conditions for a millionth of a second.
---------------------
Apparent breakthrough in nuclear fusion silenced by shutdown
Scientists have come one step closer to harnessing the power of the sun. Researchers at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have passed a milestone in achieving self-sustaining nuclear fusion -- but you won't hear about it from the researchers. The NIF team has been furloughed as a result of the U.S. government shutdown, which began on Oct. 1, and is not releasing updates to the press.
According to the BBC, a research experiment conducted in late September succeeded in releasing more energy through a fusion reaction than it absorbed by the fuel going in. NIF is the first research facility in the world to achieve this goal. A spokesperson for the NIF could not give CBSNews.com a comment on the results of the experiment.NIF's method for achieving fusion involves sending 192 laser beams through a 1,500-meter journey that increases its energy output by a factor of more than a quadrillion. The laser beams' energy grows from one-billionth of a joule to 4 million joules in 5 millionths of a second.
A breakthrough in nuclear fusion is widely considered the holy grail of achieving an unlimited clean energy source.
Scientists believe that fusion can fuel our future without threat of nuclear proliferation or environmental damage because the process of creating fusion requires very few resources. One of the biggest challenges in producing energy derived from fusion has been to pass the break-even point -- a goal that has eluded scientists for nearly 50 years.
Nuclear fusion is not to be confused with nuclear fission. Instead of splitting an atom's nucleus, like in fission, nuclear fusion is the process of bringing together two atomic nuclei to form a new nucleus.
While the NIF has passed the break-even point, it is just shy of reaching "ignition" -- when nuclear fusion produces as much energy as is supplied to the lasers.
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57606588/apparent-breakthrough-in-nuclear-fusion-silenced-by-shutdown/
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Weather could be controlled using lasers
Scientists are attempting to control the weather by using lasers to create clouds, induce rain and even trigger lightning.
Experts from around the world are to gather at the World Meteorological Organisation next month to discuss how powerful laser pulses can be used to generate changes in the atmosphere that influence the weather.
This involves spraying small particles and chemicals into the air to induce water vapour to condense into clouds.
In the 1960s the United States experimented with using silver iodide in an attempt to weaken hurricanes before they made landfall.
The USSR was also claimed to have flown cloud seeding missions in an attempt to create rain clouds to protect Moscow from radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.
More recently the Russian Air force has also been reported to have used bags of cement to seed clouds.
Before the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, the Chinese authorities used aircraft and rockets to release chemicals into the atmosphere.
Other countries have been reported to be experimenting with cloud seeding to prevent flooding or smog.
However, Professor Wolf, Dr Kasparian and their colleagues believe that lasers could provide an easier and more controllable method of changing the weather.
They began studying lasers for their use as a way of monitoring changes in the air and detecting aerosols high in the atmosphere.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/weather/10268455/Weather-could-be-controlled-using-lasers.html
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Laser-induced condensation shows promise for cloud seeding
Over the past decade,
commercially-available lasers have increased in power by two orders
of magnitude, reaching the petawatt level, with exawatts firmly
within sight. The 2011 experiment used a 100 terawatt laser, and a
"mobile" (actually the size of a shipping container) laser of five
terawatts.
Further understanding of how lasers spur condensation will also
help. The process, known as photodissociation,
involves the laser's photons breaking down atmospheric compounds to
produce ozone and nitrogen molecules. Those in turn form nitric
acid particles, which bind water molecules together into
droplets.
http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-07/17/laser-coud-seeding
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Laser Beams May Be Next Rainmakers
http://www.livescience.com/15834-laser-cloud-seed-rain.html
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Second Conference on Laser, Weather and Climate (LWC 2013)
http://www.laserweatherandclimate.com/
Welcome
As
highlighted by the success of the first Conference on Laser-based
Weather Control in 2011, ultra-short lasers launched into the atmosphere
have emerged as a promising prospective tool for weather modulation and
climate studies. Such prospects include lightning control and
laser-assisted condensation, as well as the striking similarities
between the non-linear optical propagation and natural phenomena like
rogue waves or climate bifurcations.
Filaments
generated by ultra-short laser pulses launched into the atmosphere have
emerged as an unexpected prospective tool for weather modulation. In
particular, lightning control and laser-assisted water condensation
recently appeared as spectacular prospects in this direction.
Although
these new perspectives triggered an increasing interest and activity in
many groups worldwide, the highly interdisciplinary nature of the
subject limited its development, due to the need for enhanced contacts
between laser and atmospheric physicists, chemists, electrical
engineers, and meteorologists.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Climate control: United States weather modification in the cold war and beyond. -
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18313754
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Weather modification
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_modification
Proposed US Legislation
2005 U.S. Senate Bill 517 and U.S. House Bill 2995 U.S. Senate Bill 517 and U.S. House Bill 2995 were two bills proposed in 2005 that would have expanded experimental weather modification, to establish a Weather Modification Operations and Research Board, and implemented a national weather modification policy. Neither were made into law. Former Texas State Senator John N. Leedom was the key lobbyist on behalf of the weather modification bills.
2007 U.S. Senate Bill 1807 & U.S. House Bill 3445 Senate Bill 1807 and House Bill 3445, identical bills introduced July 17, 2007, proposed to establish a Weather Mitigation Advisory and Research Board to fund weather modification research.
------------------------
Physicists observe attosecond real-time restructuring of electron cloud in molecule
May 14, 2015
http://phys.org/news/2015-05-physicists-attosecond-real-time-electron-cloud.html?utm_source=menu&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=item-menu
--------------------
Physicist finds mysterious anti-electron clouds inside thunderstorm
May 13, 2015
In August 2009, Dwyer and colleagues were aboard a National Center for
Atmospheric Research Gulfstream V when it inadvertently flew into the
extremely violent thunderstorm—and, it turned out, through a large cloud
of positrons, the antimatter opposite of electrons, that should not
have been there.
To encounter a cloud of positrons without other
associated physical phenomena such as energetic gamma-ray emissions was
completely unexpected, thoroughly perplexing and contrary to currently
understood physics.
"The fact that, apparently out of nowhere,
the number of positrons around us suddenly increased by more than a
factor of 10 and formed a cloud around the aircraft is very hard to
understand. We really have no good explanation for it," says Dwyer, a
lightning expert and the UNH Peter T. Paul Chair in Space Sciences at
the Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space.
It is
known that thunderstorms can sometimes make flashes of energetic gamma
rays, which may produce pairs of electrons and positrons when they
interact with air. But the appearance of positrons should then coincide
with a large increase in the number of gamma rays.
"We should
have seen bright gamma-ray emissions along with the positrons," Dwyer
says. "But in our observations, we first saw a positron cloud, then
another positron cloud about seven kilometers away and then we saw a
bright gamma-ray glow afterwards. So it's all not making a whole lot of
sense."
http://phys.org/news/2015-05-physicist-mysterious-anti-electron-clouds-thunderstorm.html?utm_source=menu&utm_medium=link&utm_campaign=item-menu
--------------------
Researchers show presence of charge-density waves in superconductive material
December 10, 2015
Ultrafast laser techniques helped MIT physics graduate student Fahad Mahmood and colleagues establish that electrons form charge-density waves in the thin-film superconductive material LSCO cuprate.
"The question is how does this fluctuating charge-density wave compete
or not interfere with superconductivity, and what we found is that it
actually competes with superconductivity," Mahmood explains. "Electrons
for a very short amount of time are in this charge-density wave state,
and in another time scale, if you take another snapshot, they'll be in
the superconductivity state."
Charge-density waves occur when
electron density in a conductor is distributed in a sinusoidal pattern,
like ripples on water, instead of the common uniform density.
"It's
a fluctuating order that lasts for a very short amount of time and
equilibrium probes won't be able to detect it," he says. Using ultrafast
spectroscopy, Mahmood and co-authors of a 2013 Nature Materials paper
were able to show that for extremely short periods of time—up to about 2
picoseconds—electrons clustered in a density wave that could be
measured by its amplitude and phase.
http://phys.org/news/2015-12-presence-charge-density-superconductive-material.html
-----------------
Extending life of plasma channels could allow lasers to be used as lightning rods
September 25, 2015
http://www.gizmag.com/plasma-channels-laser-lightning-rods/39588/
------------
Atmospheric Vortex Engine creates tornadoes to generate electricity
December 20, 2012
Tornadoes generally evoke the destructive force of nature at its most awesome. However, what if all that power could be harnessed to produce cheaper and more efficient electricity? This is just what Canadian engineer Louis Michaud proposes to achieve, with an invention dubbed the “Atmospheric Vortex Engine” (or AVE).
AVE works by introducing warm air into a circular station, whereupon the difference in temperature between this heated air and the atmosphere above creates a vortex – or controlled tornado, which in turn drives multiple wind turbines in order to create electricity. The vortex could be shut down by simply turning off the source of warm air.
http://www.gizmag.com/vortex-engine-tornadoes-electricity/25508/?li_source=LI&li_medium=default-widget
----------------
Tiny magnets mimic steam, water and ice
September 21, 2015
Researchers at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) created a synthetic material out of 1 billion tiny magnets. Astonishingly, it now appears that the magnetic properties of this so-called metamaterial change with the temperature, so that it can take on different states; just like water has a gaseous, liquid and a solid state. This material made of nanomagnets might well be refined for electronic applications of the future – such as for more efficient information transfer.
http://phys.org/news/2015-09-tiny-magnets-mimic-steam-ice.html#jCp
--------------
Volcanic ash proves inefficient cloud ice maker
May 28th, 2015
When
tons of ash spewed into the atmosphere from a 2010 Icelandic volcano it
caused havoc for vacationers across Europe. But did it also
dramatically change clouds? Researchers at Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory found that volcanic ash is not as efficient as common dust in
birthing clouds' ice particles. Using a novel laboratory testing
chamber they formed cloud ice, a process called ice nucleation, around
particles of dust and volcanic ash. Their results revealed the
importance of optimal particle structure to efficiently attract super
cold water vapor to nucleate ice.
http://phys.org/news/2015-05-volcanic-ash-inefficient-cloud-ice.html#jCp
---------------------
-
Silicon Nanoparticles Allow Production of Hydrogen from Water Without Heat, Light or Electricity
January 26, 2013
http://www.bangscience.org/2013/01/silicon-nanoparticles-allow-production-of-hydrogen-from-water-without-heat-light-or-electricity/
-----------------
Enhancement of electron energy during vacuum laser acceleration in an inhomogeneous magnetic field
In this paper, the effect of a stationary inhomogeneous magnetic field on the electron acceleration by a high intensity Gaussian laser pulse is investigated. A focused TEM (0,0) laser mode with linear polarization in the transverse x-direction that propagates along the z-axis is considered. The magnetic field is assumed to be stationary in time, but varies longitudinally in space. A linear spatial profile for the magnetic field is adopted. In other words, the axial magnetic field increases linearly in the z-direction up to an optimum point
http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/pop/22/3/10.1063/1.4916130
-------------------
MIT’s Game-Changer: Ion Irradiation in Nanoparticle Engineering for Sustainable Energy
MIT researchers and colleagues have demonstrated a way to precisely control the size, composition, and other properties of nanoparticles key to the reactions involved in a variety of clean energy and environmental technologies. They did so by leveraging ion irradiation, a technique in which beams of charged particles bombard a material.
-
Computational trick enables better understanding of exotic state of matter
June 25, 2025
It can be found inside gas giants such as Jupiter and is briefly created during meteorite impacts or in laser fusion experiments: warm dense matter. This exotic state of matter combines features of solid, liquid and gaseous phases. Until now, simulating warm dense matter accurately has been considered a major challenge.
https://phys.org/news/2025-06-enables-exotic-state.html
-
Lazers
sound like a good medical technology. We must question and see to it,
that this technology is abused, by the wrong type of people. Imagine if
the government could secretly administer the entire population with a
vaccine, without their knowledge, just by pointing a lazer at them. You
could even have multiple lazers targeting multiple individuals, for
whatever type of chemicals you want to inject in them. Whether that
chemical is medicinal or a poison. We must make the public aware of this
type of technology, and how we should take steps in our civilization,
to make sure that the governments and other individuals, do not abuse
this type of technology, especially on a mass scale. Technically, all
it would take is someone to point a lazer at someone, and that person
could die from the administered chemicals in the lazer instantly or over
a period of time.
-----------------------------------
Jellyfish proteins used to create polariton laser
August 22, 2016
A combined team of researchers from Scotland and Germany has developed a way to create a polariton laser by using jellyfish proteins cultivated in E. coli cells. In their paper published in the journal Science Advances, the team describes their technique and possible uses for the result.
As most people know, at a basic level, conventional lasers work by bouncing light around inside of a cavity and then emitting identical photons as a beam. There is another type of laser that is less well known, the polariton laser—it works by tossing photons back and forth between excited molecules. But the reason it has not made its way into commercial use is because it must be cooled to an extremely low temperature to work properly. In this new approach, the researchers report the development of such a laser that works at room temperatures.
http://phys.org/news/2016-08-jellyfish-proteins-polariton-laser.html#jCp
---------------------
For more information on lazers, view our book titled "The DuPont Investigation. - Http://dupontinvestigation.blogspot.com/ ."
------------
To continue this discussion, view our book titled "Pollution Science 101 - 'Solutions'. - http://pollutionscience101solutions.blogspot.com/ ."
Here is a preview of the following subjects and chapters of the new book "Pollution Science 101 - 'Solutions'. - http://pollutionscience101solutions.blogspot.com/ ."
Chapter 1: Dyeing technology
Chapter 2: Armor technology
Chapter 3: Sustainable materials & fibers
Chapter 4: Sustainable Paints & coatings
Chapter 5: Plastics & Polymer technology
Chapter 6: Conductivity in polymers and rubbers
Chapter 7: Strongest fibers & materials
Chapter 8: Glass technology
Chapter 9: Light Energy
Chapter 10: Solar & Hydrogen power
Chapter 11: Green computing
Chapter 12: Chips, wires & Wafers
Chapter 13: Nature & energy
Chapter 14: Wind energy
Chapter 15: Air power
Chapter 16: Transportation
Chapter 17: Alternative fuel
Chapter 18: Biofuel
Chapter 19: Sustainable Lubricants
Chapter 20: Displays
Chapter 21: Water harvesting
Chapter 22: Refrigeration
Chapter 23: Vertical & sustainable farming methods
Chapter 24: Clean-up technology
Chapter 25: Toxic clean-up technology
No comments:
Post a Comment